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The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 10, 2013)
China's implementation is key for N. Korea sanctions
北朝鮮制裁決議 中国が履行せねば効果はない（3月9日付・読売社説）
New U.N. sanctions against North Korea are intended to increase international pressure on Pyongyang to shut down its nuclear weapons programs.
北朝鮮の核武装化に歯止めをかけようとする国際社会の圧力強化だ。
In a unanimous vote, the U.N. Security Council on Thursday passed a resolution to impose additional, tougher economic sanctions on North Korea in response to its nuclear test last month, the third it has conducted.
国連の安全保障理事会が、３回目の核実験を強行した北朝鮮に対し、経済制裁を追加、強化する決議を全会一致で採択した。
The resolution called for substantially stricter restrictions and surveillance on movements of money, goods and people related to North Korea's nuclear and missile development programs. While past resolutions merely asked member states to implement major sanction measures, the latest resolution obliges them to do so.
決議は、北朝鮮の核兵器・弾道ミサイル開発計画に関係するカネ、モノ、ヒトの移動の制限・監視を大幅に強化し、主要な制裁措置の実施を各国に義務づける内容だ。「要請」にとどまっていた従来の決議より踏み込んだ。
The past three resolutions against North Korea adopted by the U.N. Security Council have proved ineffective and failed to stop the country's nuclear and missile buildup. Apparently drawing a lesson from its failure, the United Nations has sent a more powerful message from the international community to North Korea this time. We approve.
過去３度の安保理の制裁決議は実効性を欠き、北朝鮮の核やミサイルの開発を阻止できなかった。その教訓を踏まえ、国際社会の強い決意を示したと評価できる。
===
New steps expand ban
To stop flows of money, U.N. member states are required to freeze financial transactions and services with North Korea as well as transfers of bulk cash to the country.
カネの移動を止めるため、各国は北朝鮮との金融取引や金融サービスを停止し、大量の現金持ち運びを制止しなければならない。
The latest resolution also calls on member states to inspect North Korea-related cargo suspected of containing banned items and deny entry to vessels that refuse to be inspected.
決議は、禁制品積載が疑われる貨物船への検査実施や、検査を拒否した船の入港禁止も定めた。
The countries are also obliged to deport North Korean nationals with suspected links to their country's nuclear and missile development.
核・ミサイル開発との関係が疑われる北朝鮮人を国外強制退去させることも義務づけている。
To make the sanctions effective, it is essential that China--North Korea's biggest trade partner and main benefactor--implement the resolution fully.
制裁の実効性を高めるには、北朝鮮の最大の貿易相手国かつ援助国である中国が、決議を確実に履行することが欠かせない。
China was initially reluctant to agree to sanctions such as one requiring inspections of North Korean cargo. However, Beijing gave a green light to such measures after finding it difficult to continue to stand up for a defiant Pyongyang. We hope the new measures will prove effective by being implemented thoroughly.
貨物検査などの義務化に消極的だった中国も、北朝鮮をかばいきれず、制裁強化に同意した。厳格な実施で効果を上げてほしい。
Meanwhile, North Korea reacted sharply against the new sanctions, vowing to take "powerful second and third countermeasures."
北朝鮮は、制裁強化に強く反発し、「より強力な２次、３次の対応措置」を予告している。
The U.N. resolution warns of even harsher action against North Korea if the country continues with nuclear tests and missile launches. In such an event, China may need to consider suspending its provision of energy to North Korea while South Korea might be well advised to consider closing down the Kaesong industrial complex, which it operates in cooperation with the North.
決議は、さらなる核実験やミサイル発射には、「さらなる重大な措置をとる」と警告した。中国はエネルギー供給の中止を、韓国は北朝鮮・開城工業団地の閉鎖を検討してもよいのではないか。
===
Pyongyang remains defiant
Meanwhile, North Korea has caused further concern by escalating its bellicose rhetoric.
懸念されるのは、北朝鮮が恫喝(どうかつ)の度合いを強めていることだ。
The supreme command of the Korean People's Army threatened the United States, saying Pyongyang is ready to counter with advanced nuclear arms so that Washington will be "engulfed in a sea of fire." The North Korean Foreign Ministry also said Pyongyang will exercise its right to "a preemptive nuclear attack" on the United States.
朝鮮人民軍最高司令部は、「精密核攻撃手段で立ち向かう」「押せば発射、放てば火の海になる」と米国をあからさまに威嚇し、外務省も「核先制攻撃の権利を行使することになる」と宣言した。
North Korea reportedly plans to hold a military parade in July to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the armistice in the Korean War. The parade is apparently aimed at enhancing the authority of Kim Jong Un, the first secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, amid increased tensions with the United States.
朝鮮戦争の休戦協定署名から６０周年の７月に北朝鮮は「閲兵式」を計画している。米国との対決を背景に、金正恩第１書記の権威を高める狙いがあるのだろう。
Concerns over the regime of Kim Jong Un cannot be dismissed, as it has put priority on military-first politics and nuclear weapons, instead of rebuilding the country's economy, and deepened its isolation from the international community. Other countries must not lower their guard against Pyongyang's military and other provocative acts.
経済再建よりも核武装化の「先軍政治」を優先し、世界で孤立を深める金正恩政権の行方には危うさがつきまとう。関係国は、武力挑発などへの警戒を怠れない。
Japan needs to keep its eye on North Korea's moves and increase cooperation with the United States and South Korea to prepare for every possible contingency.
日本は、北朝鮮の動向を注視し、あらゆる事態に備え、米国や韓国と連携を強化する必要がある。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 9, 2013)
（2013年3月9日01時55分 読売新聞）
China's implementation is key for N. Korea sanctions
北朝鮮制裁決議 中国が履行せねば効果はない（3月9日付・読売社説）
New U.N. sanctions against North Korea are intended to increase international pressure on Pyongyang to shut down its nuclear weapons programs.
北朝鮮の核武装化に歯止めをかけようとする国際社会の圧力強化だ。
In a unanimous vote, the U.N. Security Council on Thursday passed a resolution to impose additional, tougher economic sanctions on North Korea in response to its nuclear test last month, the third it has conducted.
国連の安全保障理事会が、３回目の核実験を強行した北朝鮮に対し、経済制裁を追加、強化する決議を全会一致で採択した。
The resolution called for substantially stricter restrictions and surveillance on movements of money, goods and people related to North Korea's nuclear and missile development programs. While past resolutions merely asked member states to implement major sanction measures, the latest resolution obliges them to do so.
決議は、北朝鮮の核兵器・弾道ミサイル開発計画に関係するカネ、モノ、ヒトの移動の制限・監視を大幅に強化し、主要な制裁措置の実施を各国に義務づける内容だ。「要請」にとどまっていた従来の決議より踏み込んだ。
The past three resolutions against North Korea adopted by the U.N. Security Council have proved ineffective and failed to stop the country's nuclear and missile buildup. Apparently drawing a lesson from its failure, the United Nations has sent a more powerful message from the international community to North Korea this time. We approve.
過去３度の安保理の制裁決議は実効性を欠き、北朝鮮の核やミサイルの開発を阻止できなかった。その教訓を踏まえ、国際社会の強い決意を示したと評価できる。
===
New steps expand ban
To stop flows of money, U.N. member states are required to freeze financial transactions and services with North Korea as well as transfers of bulk cash to the country.
カネの移動を止めるため、各国は北朝鮮との金融取引や金融サービスを停止し、大量の現金持ち運びを制止しなければならない。
The latest resolution also calls on member states to inspect North Korea-related cargo suspected of containing banned items and deny entry to vessels that refuse to be inspected.
決議は、禁制品積載が疑われる貨物船への検査実施や、検査を拒否した船の入港禁止も定めた。
The countries are also obliged to deport North Korean nationals with suspected links to their country's nuclear and missile development.
核・ミサイル開発との関係が疑われる北朝鮮人を国外強制退去させることも義務づけている。
To make the sanctions effective, it is essential that China--North Korea's biggest trade partner and main benefactor--implement the resolution fully.
制裁の実効性を高めるには、北朝鮮の最大の貿易相手国かつ援助国である中国が、決議を確実に履行することが欠かせない。
China was initially reluctant to agree to sanctions such as one requiring inspections of North Korean cargo. However, Beijing gave a green light to such measures after finding it difficult to continue to stand up for a defiant Pyongyang. We hope the new measures will prove effective by being implemented thoroughly.
貨物検査などの義務化に消極的だった中国も、北朝鮮をかばいきれず、制裁強化に同意した。厳格な実施で効果を上げてほしい。
Meanwhile, North Korea reacted sharply against the new sanctions, vowing to take "powerful second and third countermeasures."
北朝鮮は、制裁強化に強く反発し、「より強力な２次、３次の対応措置」を予告している。
The U.N. resolution warns of even harsher action against North Korea if the country continues with nuclear tests and missile launches. In such an event, China may need to consider suspending its provision of energy to North Korea while South Korea might be well advised to consider closing down the Kaesong industrial complex, which it operates in cooperation with the North.
決議は、さらなる核実験やミサイル発射には、「さらなる重大な措置をとる」と警告した。中国はエネルギー供給の中止を、韓国は北朝鮮・開城工業団地の閉鎖を検討してもよいのではないか。
===
Pyongyang remains defiant
Meanwhile, North Korea has caused further concern by escalating its bellicose rhetoric.
懸念されるのは、北朝鮮が恫喝(どうかつ)の度合いを強めていることだ。
The supreme command of the Korean People's Army threatened the United States, saying Pyongyang is ready to counter with advanced nuclear arms so that Washington will be "engulfed in a sea of fire." The North Korean Foreign Ministry also said Pyongyang will exercise its right to "a preemptive nuclear attack" on the United States.
朝鮮人民軍最高司令部は、「精密核攻撃手段で立ち向かう」「押せば発射、放てば火の海になる」と米国をあからさまに威嚇し、外務省も「核先制攻撃の権利を行使することになる」と宣言した。
North Korea reportedly plans to hold a military parade in July to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the armistice in the Korean War. The parade is apparently aimed at enhancing the authority of Kim Jong Un, the first secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, amid increased tensions with the United States.
朝鮮戦争の休戦協定署名から６０周年の７月に北朝鮮は「閲兵式」を計画している。米国との対決を背景に、金正恩第１書記の権威を高める狙いがあるのだろう。
Concerns over the regime of Kim Jong Un cannot be dismissed, as it has put priority on military-first politics and nuclear weapons, instead of rebuilding the country's economy, and deepened its isolation from the international community. Other countries must not lower their guard against Pyongyang's military and other provocative acts.
経済再建よりも核武装化の「先軍政治」を優先し、世界で孤立を深める金正恩政権の行方には危うさがつきまとう。関係国は、武力挑発などへの警戒を怠れない。
Japan needs to keep its eye on North Korea's moves and increase cooperation with the United States and South Korea to prepare for every possible contingency.
日本は、北朝鮮の動向を注視し、あらゆる事態に備え、米国や韓国と連携を強化する必要がある。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 9, 2013)
（2013年3月9日01時55分 読売新聞）
PR
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 9, 2013)
Sharp must accelerate rehab efforts with capital tie-up with Samsung
シャープ再建 サムスンの出資に頼る苦渋策（3月8日付・読売社説）
Sharp Corp., which has been in corporate rehabilitation, now aims to ensure its survival through a capital tie-up with longtime rival Samsung Electronics Co. of South Korea.
経営再建中のシャープが、長年のライバル、韓国サムスン電子との資本提携で生き残りを目指すことになった。
Sharp took a step toward strengthening its financial base with the tie-up, but uncertainty still looms over the company's future. Sharp is urged to swiftly advance its management reform with the tie-up as leverage.
財務基盤の強化へ、一歩前進だが、先行きは不透明である。提携をテコにした経営改革のスピードが問われよう。
According to the terms of their agreement, Samsung will invest 10.3 billion yen in capital and is expected to own a 3 percent stake in Sharp.
合意によると、サムスンがシャープに１０３億円を出資し、出資比率は３％になる見通しだ。
Sharp plans to provide Samsung with liquid crystal display (LCD) panels for smartphones and television sets, regaining sales in an effort to improve earnings. Samsung, for its part, focused on the advantage of stable procurement of LCD panels.
シャープは、サムスンにスマートフォン（高機能携帯電話）やテレビ向けの液晶パネルを供給して販売を回復し、収益力の向上を狙う。サムスンはパネルを安定調達できる利点に着目した。
===
Deadlock in renegotiations
Hit by such factors as failed major investments and a sales slump in LCD panels, Sharp is expected to post a deficit for fiscal 2012, for the second business year in a row.
過剰投資の失敗と液晶パネルの販売不振などが響き、シャープは２０１３年３月期に２期連続で巨額赤字を計上する見込みだ。
A year ago, Sharp agreed to accept capital investment from major Taiwan manufacturer Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. However, renegotiations with Hon Hai, which demanded a review of the terms of the agreement, hit a deadlock, raising concern over Sharp's ability to raise operational funds.
シャープは１年前、台湾の製造大手、鴻海(ホンハイ)精密工業から出資を受けることで合意した。しかし、条件見直しを求める鴻海との再交渉が暗礁に乗り上げ、資金繰りが不安視されていた。
With no bright prospects in its negotiations with Hon Hai, Sharp must have made the painful choice to ask Samsung for capital investment.
交渉の展望が見えない中で、サムスンに出資を求めるという苦渋の決断を下したのだろう。
Japanese and South Korean electronics manufacturers have battled fiercely since the 1990s in such fields as semiconductors, flat-screen TVs, LCD panels and lithium-ion batteries.
日韓の電機メーカーは１９９０年代から、半導体、薄型テレビ、液晶パネル、リチウムイオン電池などで激しく競争してきた。
At first, technologically superior Japanese firms were dominant, but in recent years Samsung and other South Korean firms have grown rapidly. Currently, the positions are reversed.
当初は技術力に勝る日本勢が優勢だったが、近年はサムスンなどが急成長して立場が逆転した。
The rare situation of a Japanese company accepting a major investment of capital from a South Korean one symbolizes the difference in vigor between companies in the two countries.
日本企業が韓国側から出資を受け入れるという異例の事態は、勢いの差を象徴している。
The focus from now on is whether Sharp can fully utilize the benefits of the tie-up with Samsung in accelerating its corporate rehabilitation efforts.
今後の焦点は、シャープがサムスンとの提携効果を生かし、再建を加速できるかどうかだ。
First, the company will be required to increase operation rates of factories by expanding sales routes of LCD panels and get its business into the black.
まず、液晶パネルの販路拡大で工場の稼働率を上げ、事業を黒字化することが求められよう。
Sharp has been making small and medium-size LCD panels for smartphones and tablet computers of Apple Inc. of the United States, which entrusts Hon Hai with the production of its products.
シャープは従来、米アップルのスマートフォン向けの中小型パネルを生産し、鴻海がアップル製品を受託製造する関係にある。
Sharp will provide small and medium-size LCDs to Samsung, which has been at loggerheads with Apple. The success or failure of this strategy, a departure from its dependence on Apple, will bear watching.
シャープは、アップルと争うサムスンにも中小型パネルを供給することになるが、「脱アップル依存」戦略の成否が注目される。
===
Prevent tech outflow
Sharp, which is obliged to redeem a huge amount of corporate bonds this autumn, still has a weak capital base. Further improvement of its financial capacity is an urgent task.
巨額の社債償還を今秋に控えたシャープの資金基盤はまだ弱い。一層の財務改善も急務だ。
Another concern is the possibility of an overseas outflow of Sharp's state-of-art technologies. Because of the capital tie-up, we wonder if Samsung may ask Sharp to provide its technologies to the South Korean firm. Countermeasures are needed to protect the technical base of Japan's creative manufacturing.
懸念されるのは、シャープの最先端技術の流出である。サムスンとの提携により、技術提供を要求されないか。日本のもの作りの基盤を守る対策も必要である。
Management rehabilitation is still under way at Japanese home appliance companies, including Panasonic Corp. We hope each of those companies will redouble its efforts to rise again, in line with the policy of the government, which attaches importance to strengthening industrial competitiveness.
パナソニックなど日本の家電各社は経営立て直しの途上にある。産業競争力強化を重視する政府と歩調を合わせ、各社が巻き返し策を急いでもらいたい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 8, 2013)
（2013年3月8日01時30分 読売新聞）
Sharp must accelerate rehab efforts with capital tie-up with Samsung
シャープ再建 サムスンの出資に頼る苦渋策（3月8日付・読売社説）
Sharp Corp., which has been in corporate rehabilitation, now aims to ensure its survival through a capital tie-up with longtime rival Samsung Electronics Co. of South Korea.
経営再建中のシャープが、長年のライバル、韓国サムスン電子との資本提携で生き残りを目指すことになった。
Sharp took a step toward strengthening its financial base with the tie-up, but uncertainty still looms over the company's future. Sharp is urged to swiftly advance its management reform with the tie-up as leverage.
財務基盤の強化へ、一歩前進だが、先行きは不透明である。提携をテコにした経営改革のスピードが問われよう。
According to the terms of their agreement, Samsung will invest 10.3 billion yen in capital and is expected to own a 3 percent stake in Sharp.
合意によると、サムスンがシャープに１０３億円を出資し、出資比率は３％になる見通しだ。
Sharp plans to provide Samsung with liquid crystal display (LCD) panels for smartphones and television sets, regaining sales in an effort to improve earnings. Samsung, for its part, focused on the advantage of stable procurement of LCD panels.
シャープは、サムスンにスマートフォン（高機能携帯電話）やテレビ向けの液晶パネルを供給して販売を回復し、収益力の向上を狙う。サムスンはパネルを安定調達できる利点に着目した。
===
Deadlock in renegotiations
Hit by such factors as failed major investments and a sales slump in LCD panels, Sharp is expected to post a deficit for fiscal 2012, for the second business year in a row.
過剰投資の失敗と液晶パネルの販売不振などが響き、シャープは２０１３年３月期に２期連続で巨額赤字を計上する見込みだ。
A year ago, Sharp agreed to accept capital investment from major Taiwan manufacturer Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. However, renegotiations with Hon Hai, which demanded a review of the terms of the agreement, hit a deadlock, raising concern over Sharp's ability to raise operational funds.
シャープは１年前、台湾の製造大手、鴻海(ホンハイ)精密工業から出資を受けることで合意した。しかし、条件見直しを求める鴻海との再交渉が暗礁に乗り上げ、資金繰りが不安視されていた。
With no bright prospects in its negotiations with Hon Hai, Sharp must have made the painful choice to ask Samsung for capital investment.
交渉の展望が見えない中で、サムスンに出資を求めるという苦渋の決断を下したのだろう。
Japanese and South Korean electronics manufacturers have battled fiercely since the 1990s in such fields as semiconductors, flat-screen TVs, LCD panels and lithium-ion batteries.
日韓の電機メーカーは１９９０年代から、半導体、薄型テレビ、液晶パネル、リチウムイオン電池などで激しく競争してきた。
At first, technologically superior Japanese firms were dominant, but in recent years Samsung and other South Korean firms have grown rapidly. Currently, the positions are reversed.
当初は技術力に勝る日本勢が優勢だったが、近年はサムスンなどが急成長して立場が逆転した。
The rare situation of a Japanese company accepting a major investment of capital from a South Korean one symbolizes the difference in vigor between companies in the two countries.
日本企業が韓国側から出資を受け入れるという異例の事態は、勢いの差を象徴している。
The focus from now on is whether Sharp can fully utilize the benefits of the tie-up with Samsung in accelerating its corporate rehabilitation efforts.
今後の焦点は、シャープがサムスンとの提携効果を生かし、再建を加速できるかどうかだ。
First, the company will be required to increase operation rates of factories by expanding sales routes of LCD panels and get its business into the black.
まず、液晶パネルの販路拡大で工場の稼働率を上げ、事業を黒字化することが求められよう。
Sharp has been making small and medium-size LCD panels for smartphones and tablet computers of Apple Inc. of the United States, which entrusts Hon Hai with the production of its products.
シャープは従来、米アップルのスマートフォン向けの中小型パネルを生産し、鴻海がアップル製品を受託製造する関係にある。
Sharp will provide small and medium-size LCDs to Samsung, which has been at loggerheads with Apple. The success or failure of this strategy, a departure from its dependence on Apple, will bear watching.
シャープは、アップルと争うサムスンにも中小型パネルを供給することになるが、「脱アップル依存」戦略の成否が注目される。
===
Prevent tech outflow
Sharp, which is obliged to redeem a huge amount of corporate bonds this autumn, still has a weak capital base. Further improvement of its financial capacity is an urgent task.
巨額の社債償還を今秋に控えたシャープの資金基盤はまだ弱い。一層の財務改善も急務だ。
Another concern is the possibility of an overseas outflow of Sharp's state-of-art technologies. Because of the capital tie-up, we wonder if Samsung may ask Sharp to provide its technologies to the South Korean firm. Countermeasures are needed to protect the technical base of Japan's creative manufacturing.
懸念されるのは、シャープの最先端技術の流出である。サムスンとの提携により、技術提供を要求されないか。日本のもの作りの基盤を守る対策も必要である。
Management rehabilitation is still under way at Japanese home appliance companies, including Panasonic Corp. We hope each of those companies will redouble its efforts to rise again, in line with the policy of the government, which attaches importance to strengthening industrial competitiveness.
パナソニックなど日本の家電各社は経営立て直しの途上にある。産業競争力強化を重視する政府と歩調を合わせ、各社が巻き返し策を急いでもらいたい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 8, 2013)
（2013年3月8日01時30分 読売新聞）
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 8, 2013)
Diet must correct disparities in value of votes
１票の格差違憲 立法府は司法の警告に応えよ（3月7日付・読売社説）
Once again, a severe judgment has been handed down against the Diet, which keeps on failing to correct disparities in the value of votes.
「１票の格差」を一向に是正しない国会に対する厳しい司法判断が、再び示された。
The Tokyo High Court on Wednesday said the December House of Representatives election, in which votes in some constituencies carried up to 2.43 times the weight of votes in other constituencies, was unconstitutional, as it violated the Constitution's stipulation of people's equality under the law.
格差が最大で２・４３倍だった昨年１２月の衆院選について、東京高裁は、法の下の平等を定めた憲法に違反していたと断じる「違憲判決」を言い渡した。
The Diet has had ample time to correct the disparities, but it took no effective measures before carrying out the election. The high court criticized the Diet's inaction, calling it a lapse that cannot be overlooked.
格差是正の時間的余裕はあったのに、有効な措置を講じず、選挙を実施した国会の不作為を「看過できない」と批判した。
Lawmakers must take the court ruling seriously and correct the disparities without further delay.
国会は判決を重く受け止め、格差是正を急がねばならない。
The latest ruling was handed down in light of a decision made by the Grand Bench of the Supreme Court in March 2011.
今回の判決は、最高裁大法廷が２０１１年３月に出した判決を踏まえたものだ。
In that ruling, the top court said that the 2009 lower house election, when the maximum disparity was 2.30, was held under a considerably unequal situation. However, it stopped short of declaring it unconstitutional, instead judging it to be in a "state of unconstitutionality." The court explained this by saying, "A reasonable time period to correct the disparities has not yet elapsed."
最高裁は格差が最大２・３０倍だった０９年衆院選について、著しい不平等は認めたが、「違憲状態」との判断にとどめていた。「是正する合理的期間は過ぎていない」という理由からだった。
===
No measures taken
During the extraordinary Diet session, the ruling and opposition parties made a legal revision to cut five lower house seats by scrapping five single-seat constituencies. However, a review of electoral districts based on the law was not made in time for the December election, which was thus held in the unconstitutional state.
与野党は先の臨時国会で、緊急避難的に小選挙区を「０増５減」とする法改正を行った。だが、区割り作業は間に合わず、衆院選は違憲状態のままで行われた。
Despite the warning from the Supreme Court, correction of the disparities in vote values did not progress. The Tokyo High Court did not declare the election invalid, but its decision surely goes farther than the 2011 Supreme Court ruling.
最高裁が警鐘を鳴らしたにもかかわらず、格差是正は進まない。東京高裁は、選挙無効こそ認めなかったものの、一歩踏み込んだ判断を示したと言える。
Similar cases are currently being tried at 14 high courts and branches throughout the country. All of the rulings are scheduled to be handed down within this month.
同様の訴訟は、全国１４の高裁・支部で審理され、いずれも今月中に判決が言い渡される。
The Public Offices Election Law requires a court to try to hand down a ruling within 100 days after a suit is filed. Although there have been past cases in which it took more than half a year for courts to hand down decisions, courts are now following the rule, thus urging the Diet to take swift corrective action.
公職選挙法には、裁判所は提訴から１００日以内に判決を出すよう努めるとの規定がある。これまでは半年以上かかるケースがあったが、今回、規定通りに判断を示す裁判所の姿勢は、国会に速やかな格差是正を迫るものだ。
===
Division of ultimate power
The group of lawyers who filed the latest suit argued, based in part on the Constitution's preamble that "sovereign power resides with the people," that the vote of one person holding such power should be strictly equal to the votes of others.
訴訟を起こした弁護士グループは、憲法前文にある「国民主権」の見地などから、主権者である国民の１票は厳格に平等でなければならない、と主張した。
The Tokyo High Court rejected this claim, but it will be a focal point in subsequent rulings to come.
東京高裁は、この主張については退けたが、今後の判決でも注目点の一つとなるだろう。
Members of the ruling and opposition parties said, "We will take the ruling seriously," or "The ruling includes condemnation of the legislative branch of the government." These are natural responses. Lawmakers must take concrete action to improve the situation.
判決に対して与野党は「厳粛に受け止める」「立法府への糾弾の意味も含まれている」としている。当然の反応である。ただちに具体的な行動をとるべきだ。
The Liberal Democratic Party, New Komeito and the Democratic Party of Japan have agreed to carry out a drastic review of the lower house election system, including reduction of lower house seats, during the current Diet session. However, work to realize the agreement has been slow. Since the election system affects the rise and fall of political parties, it must face twists and turns for the parties to reach an agreement on concrete measures.
自民、公明、民主３党は、今国会中に定数是正を含む衆院選挙制度の抜本的な見直しを行うことで合意したものの、作業は遅々として進展していない。選挙制度は、各党の消長にかかわる問題だけに、合意形成は難航しよう。
However, they have little time. Further negligence is simply unacceptable, as it erodes the very authority of the Diet as the legislative branch.
だが、時間は限られている。立法府の権威を自らおとしめる、これ以上の怠慢は許されない。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 7, 2013)
（2013年3月7日01時21分 読売新聞）
Diet must correct disparities in value of votes
１票の格差違憲 立法府は司法の警告に応えよ（3月7日付・読売社説）
Once again, a severe judgment has been handed down against the Diet, which keeps on failing to correct disparities in the value of votes.
「１票の格差」を一向に是正しない国会に対する厳しい司法判断が、再び示された。
The Tokyo High Court on Wednesday said the December House of Representatives election, in which votes in some constituencies carried up to 2.43 times the weight of votes in other constituencies, was unconstitutional, as it violated the Constitution's stipulation of people's equality under the law.
格差が最大で２・４３倍だった昨年１２月の衆院選について、東京高裁は、法の下の平等を定めた憲法に違反していたと断じる「違憲判決」を言い渡した。
The Diet has had ample time to correct the disparities, but it took no effective measures before carrying out the election. The high court criticized the Diet's inaction, calling it a lapse that cannot be overlooked.
格差是正の時間的余裕はあったのに、有効な措置を講じず、選挙を実施した国会の不作為を「看過できない」と批判した。
Lawmakers must take the court ruling seriously and correct the disparities without further delay.
国会は判決を重く受け止め、格差是正を急がねばならない。
The latest ruling was handed down in light of a decision made by the Grand Bench of the Supreme Court in March 2011.
今回の判決は、最高裁大法廷が２０１１年３月に出した判決を踏まえたものだ。
In that ruling, the top court said that the 2009 lower house election, when the maximum disparity was 2.30, was held under a considerably unequal situation. However, it stopped short of declaring it unconstitutional, instead judging it to be in a "state of unconstitutionality." The court explained this by saying, "A reasonable time period to correct the disparities has not yet elapsed."
最高裁は格差が最大２・３０倍だった０９年衆院選について、著しい不平等は認めたが、「違憲状態」との判断にとどめていた。「是正する合理的期間は過ぎていない」という理由からだった。
===
No measures taken
During the extraordinary Diet session, the ruling and opposition parties made a legal revision to cut five lower house seats by scrapping five single-seat constituencies. However, a review of electoral districts based on the law was not made in time for the December election, which was thus held in the unconstitutional state.
与野党は先の臨時国会で、緊急避難的に小選挙区を「０増５減」とする法改正を行った。だが、区割り作業は間に合わず、衆院選は違憲状態のままで行われた。
Despite the warning from the Supreme Court, correction of the disparities in vote values did not progress. The Tokyo High Court did not declare the election invalid, but its decision surely goes farther than the 2011 Supreme Court ruling.
最高裁が警鐘を鳴らしたにもかかわらず、格差是正は進まない。東京高裁は、選挙無効こそ認めなかったものの、一歩踏み込んだ判断を示したと言える。
Similar cases are currently being tried at 14 high courts and branches throughout the country. All of the rulings are scheduled to be handed down within this month.
同様の訴訟は、全国１４の高裁・支部で審理され、いずれも今月中に判決が言い渡される。
The Public Offices Election Law requires a court to try to hand down a ruling within 100 days after a suit is filed. Although there have been past cases in which it took more than half a year for courts to hand down decisions, courts are now following the rule, thus urging the Diet to take swift corrective action.
公職選挙法には、裁判所は提訴から１００日以内に判決を出すよう努めるとの規定がある。これまでは半年以上かかるケースがあったが、今回、規定通りに判断を示す裁判所の姿勢は、国会に速やかな格差是正を迫るものだ。
===
Division of ultimate power
The group of lawyers who filed the latest suit argued, based in part on the Constitution's preamble that "sovereign power resides with the people," that the vote of one person holding such power should be strictly equal to the votes of others.
訴訟を起こした弁護士グループは、憲法前文にある「国民主権」の見地などから、主権者である国民の１票は厳格に平等でなければならない、と主張した。
The Tokyo High Court rejected this claim, but it will be a focal point in subsequent rulings to come.
東京高裁は、この主張については退けたが、今後の判決でも注目点の一つとなるだろう。
Members of the ruling and opposition parties said, "We will take the ruling seriously," or "The ruling includes condemnation of the legislative branch of the government." These are natural responses. Lawmakers must take concrete action to improve the situation.
判決に対して与野党は「厳粛に受け止める」「立法府への糾弾の意味も含まれている」としている。当然の反応である。ただちに具体的な行動をとるべきだ。
The Liberal Democratic Party, New Komeito and the Democratic Party of Japan have agreed to carry out a drastic review of the lower house election system, including reduction of lower house seats, during the current Diet session. However, work to realize the agreement has been slow. Since the election system affects the rise and fall of political parties, it must face twists and turns for the parties to reach an agreement on concrete measures.
自民、公明、民主３党は、今国会中に定数是正を含む衆院選挙制度の抜本的な見直しを行うことで合意したものの、作業は遅々として進展していない。選挙制度は、各党の消長にかかわる問題だけに、合意形成は難航しよう。
However, they have little time. Further negligence is simply unacceptable, as it erodes the very authority of the Diet as the legislative branch.
だが、時間は限られている。立法府の権威を自らおとしめる、これ以上の怠慢は許されない。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 7, 2013)
（2013年3月7日01時21分 読売新聞）
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 7, 2013)
China's dangerous maritime expansion
中国国防費膨張 「海洋強国化」は危険な軍拡だ（3月6日付・読売社説）
China, which has trumpeted its desire to become a maritime power, has been rapidly expanding its military might.
「海洋強国化」を掲げる中国が、軍事力を急激に膨張させている。
If Xi Jinping's administration wants to dispel the "China threat theory" being increasingly espoused by neighboring countries, it should commit itself to making its military power more transparent and actively engage in confidence-building steps.
周辺国で高まる「中国脅威論」を、習近平政権が否定するのなら、軍事力の透明性向上や信頼醸成に積極的に取り組むべきだ。
At the National People's Congress, or parliament, that convened Tuesday, China unveiled a 10.7 percent year-on-year increase in defense spending in the 2013 national budget to about 740.6 billion yuan (about 11.11 trillion yen). This is about 2.4 times the size of Japan's defense budget.
中国の全国人民代表大会（全人代＝国会）が開幕し、公表された２０１３年の国家予算案で、国防費は前年実績比１０・７％増の約７４０６億元（約１１兆１１００億円）に上った。日本の防衛予算の約２・４倍の規模である。
China's defense budget has logged double-digit increases for more than 20 consecutive years, excluding 2010, when the global recession buffeted that country. Its actual military expenditure remains unclear because the disclosed figure does not include money earmarked for weapon research and development, for example.
世界同時不況が影響した１０年を除き、国防費の２ケタ増は２０年以上続いている。公表分に兵器の研究開発費などは含まれないとされ、不透明さは変わらない。
China should fully disclose the breakdown of its defense budget and plans to introduce military equipment.
国防費の内訳や装備導入計画を公開することが求められる。
China's military expansion policy, which is behind the substantial rise in defense spending, also is a destabilizing factor that could trigger military expansion in neighboring nations, including India.
国防費大幅増の背景にある軍拡路線は、インドなど周辺国の軍拡を招く不安定要因でもある。
===
Senkakus need vigilance
The Xi administration probably will appropriate this budget predominantly to projects reinforcing China's navy and air force so it can encircle the East China Sea and the South China Sea as "China's Sea," to counter the U.S. strategy that places greater emphasis on Asia.
習政権は、「アジア重視」戦略を進める米国に対抗し、東シナ海と南シナ海を「中国の海」として囲い込むため海空軍力増強に予算を重点的に投入するのだろう。
China's military has been accelerating development of its own stealth fighter jet and construction of domestic aircraft carriers and new frigates. It reportedly has conducted about 40 exercises this year.
中国軍は、ステルス機の開発のほか、国産空母や新型フリゲート艦などの建造を急いでいる。今年の演習は約４０回に上るという。
This year's government work report delivered at the National People's Congress stressed that China will protect its maritime interests. The Chinese Navy and State Oceanic Administration have confirmed they will strengthen their cooperation.
全人代の今年の政府活動報告は、「国家の海洋権益を守っていく」と強調した。海軍と国家海洋局は連携強化を確認している。
There is the possibility that Chinese surveillance ships, with assistance from the navy, could take a more hard-line stance around the Senkaku Islands. Chinese vessels might seize Japanese fishing boats or apprehend their crew members. Japanese authorities must step up their vigilance.
尖閣諸島周辺で、中国の監視船が海軍の支援を受け、さらなる強硬姿勢をとる可能性も出てきた。日本漁船の拿捕(だほ)や船員の拘束も起きかねない。日本は警戒を強める必要がある。
===
More provocations possible
Automatic spending cuts that have started in the United States could restrict U.S. military operations in the western Pacific. Given the circumstances, there are concerns the Chinese Navy may instigate a provocation similar to the incident this year in which a Chinese frigate locked its fire-control radar on a Maritime Self-Defense Force vessel.
米国の歳出強制削減で西太平洋での米軍活動が抑制されかねない中、懸念されるのは、海上自衛隊艦艇へのレーダー照射事件のような中国海軍の挑発行動である。
China should try to build trust with Japan by resuming talks on establishing a bilateral system for emergency communications at sea. Tokyo must enhance the deterrence of the Japan-U.S. alliance and do everything in its power to defend the Senkaku Islands.
中国は、海上での緊急連絡体制の構築を目的とする日本との協議を再開させ、信頼醸成を図るべきだ。日本は、日米同盟の抑止力を高め、尖閣諸島の防衛態勢に万全を期さなければならない。
Dealing with environmental problems is an urgent task for the Xi administration. Serious air pollution in China has exposed the limits of Beijing's policy of focusing on economic growth above all else. We think China should also appropriate more of its budget to expanding the social security system in preparation for the costs that will come with its rapidly graying population.
習政権にとって喫緊の課題は環境問題への対応だ。深刻な大気汚染は成長至上主義の限界を露呈している。急速な高齢化に備えた社会保障の拡充にも、さらに予算を投入すべきではないか。
Meanwhile, China's domestic security budget exceeds the defense budget. This indicates that the Chinese government believes it has no choice but to flex strong state power to deal with disturbances that frequently erupt across that country.
その一方で、国内治安対策費は国防予算を上回っている。全土で多発する暴動に、強権で対処せざるを得ないのだろう。
Stimulating a sense of national greatness among Chinese people by military expansion, thereby diverting domestic frustrations to external elements, is a dangerous game.
軍拡によって国民の大国意識を刺激し、不満を外にそらすのは、危険な手法である。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 6, 2013)
（2013年3月6日02時05分 読売新聞）
China's dangerous maritime expansion
中国国防費膨張 「海洋強国化」は危険な軍拡だ（3月6日付・読売社説）
China, which has trumpeted its desire to become a maritime power, has been rapidly expanding its military might.
「海洋強国化」を掲げる中国が、軍事力を急激に膨張させている。
If Xi Jinping's administration wants to dispel the "China threat theory" being increasingly espoused by neighboring countries, it should commit itself to making its military power more transparent and actively engage in confidence-building steps.
周辺国で高まる「中国脅威論」を、習近平政権が否定するのなら、軍事力の透明性向上や信頼醸成に積極的に取り組むべきだ。
At the National People's Congress, or parliament, that convened Tuesday, China unveiled a 10.7 percent year-on-year increase in defense spending in the 2013 national budget to about 740.6 billion yuan (about 11.11 trillion yen). This is about 2.4 times the size of Japan's defense budget.
中国の全国人民代表大会（全人代＝国会）が開幕し、公表された２０１３年の国家予算案で、国防費は前年実績比１０・７％増の約７４０６億元（約１１兆１１００億円）に上った。日本の防衛予算の約２・４倍の規模である。
China's defense budget has logged double-digit increases for more than 20 consecutive years, excluding 2010, when the global recession buffeted that country. Its actual military expenditure remains unclear because the disclosed figure does not include money earmarked for weapon research and development, for example.
世界同時不況が影響した１０年を除き、国防費の２ケタ増は２０年以上続いている。公表分に兵器の研究開発費などは含まれないとされ、不透明さは変わらない。
China should fully disclose the breakdown of its defense budget and plans to introduce military equipment.
国防費の内訳や装備導入計画を公開することが求められる。
China's military expansion policy, which is behind the substantial rise in defense spending, also is a destabilizing factor that could trigger military expansion in neighboring nations, including India.
国防費大幅増の背景にある軍拡路線は、インドなど周辺国の軍拡を招く不安定要因でもある。
===
Senkakus need vigilance
The Xi administration probably will appropriate this budget predominantly to projects reinforcing China's navy and air force so it can encircle the East China Sea and the South China Sea as "China's Sea," to counter the U.S. strategy that places greater emphasis on Asia.
習政権は、「アジア重視」戦略を進める米国に対抗し、東シナ海と南シナ海を「中国の海」として囲い込むため海空軍力増強に予算を重点的に投入するのだろう。
China's military has been accelerating development of its own stealth fighter jet and construction of domestic aircraft carriers and new frigates. It reportedly has conducted about 40 exercises this year.
中国軍は、ステルス機の開発のほか、国産空母や新型フリゲート艦などの建造を急いでいる。今年の演習は約４０回に上るという。
This year's government work report delivered at the National People's Congress stressed that China will protect its maritime interests. The Chinese Navy and State Oceanic Administration have confirmed they will strengthen their cooperation.
全人代の今年の政府活動報告は、「国家の海洋権益を守っていく」と強調した。海軍と国家海洋局は連携強化を確認している。
There is the possibility that Chinese surveillance ships, with assistance from the navy, could take a more hard-line stance around the Senkaku Islands. Chinese vessels might seize Japanese fishing boats or apprehend their crew members. Japanese authorities must step up their vigilance.
尖閣諸島周辺で、中国の監視船が海軍の支援を受け、さらなる強硬姿勢をとる可能性も出てきた。日本漁船の拿捕(だほ)や船員の拘束も起きかねない。日本は警戒を強める必要がある。
===
More provocations possible
Automatic spending cuts that have started in the United States could restrict U.S. military operations in the western Pacific. Given the circumstances, there are concerns the Chinese Navy may instigate a provocation similar to the incident this year in which a Chinese frigate locked its fire-control radar on a Maritime Self-Defense Force vessel.
米国の歳出強制削減で西太平洋での米軍活動が抑制されかねない中、懸念されるのは、海上自衛隊艦艇へのレーダー照射事件のような中国海軍の挑発行動である。
China should try to build trust with Japan by resuming talks on establishing a bilateral system for emergency communications at sea. Tokyo must enhance the deterrence of the Japan-U.S. alliance and do everything in its power to defend the Senkaku Islands.
中国は、海上での緊急連絡体制の構築を目的とする日本との協議を再開させ、信頼醸成を図るべきだ。日本は、日米同盟の抑止力を高め、尖閣諸島の防衛態勢に万全を期さなければならない。
Dealing with environmental problems is an urgent task for the Xi administration. Serious air pollution in China has exposed the limits of Beijing's policy of focusing on economic growth above all else. We think China should also appropriate more of its budget to expanding the social security system in preparation for the costs that will come with its rapidly graying population.
習政権にとって喫緊の課題は環境問題への対応だ。深刻な大気汚染は成長至上主義の限界を露呈している。急速な高齢化に備えた社会保障の拡充にも、さらに予算を投入すべきではないか。
Meanwhile, China's domestic security budget exceeds the defense budget. This indicates that the Chinese government believes it has no choice but to flex strong state power to deal with disturbances that frequently erupt across that country.
その一方で、国内治安対策費は国防予算を上回っている。全土で多発する暴動に、強権で対処せざるを得ないのだろう。
Stimulating a sense of national greatness among Chinese people by military expansion, thereby diverting domestic frustrations to external elements, is a dangerous game.
軍拡によって国民の大国意識を刺激し、不満を外にそらすのは、危険な手法である。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 6, 2013)
（2013年3月6日02時05分 読売新聞）
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 6, 2013)
Obama, Congress must unsnarl chaos over budget
米国歳出削減 大統領と議会は混乱収拾急げ（3月5日付・読売社説）
The automatic spending cuts aimed at slashing U.S. federal spending have been implemented. President Barack Obama and Republican and Democratic lawmakers must find points of compromise and unsnarl the confusion soon.
米国政府の歳出を強制的に削減する制度が発動された。オバマ米大統領と民主、共和両党は妥協点を探り、混乱の早期収拾を図るべきである。
The spending cuts amount to 1.2 trillion dollars (about 110 trillion yen) over a 10-year period, with 85 billion dollars, or about 10 percent of government spending for fiscal 2013 (which started on Oct. 1 and ends on Sept. 30), to be cut.
歳出削減額は１０年間で１・２兆ドル（約１１０兆円）に上り、２０１３会計年度（１２年１０月～１３年９月）では、歳出の約１割に相当する８５０億ドルがカットされる。
The automatic budget cuts were mandated in legislation passed in the summer of 2011 when Democrats and Republicans failed to agree on a fiscal reconstruction plan. Without an agreement on a middle- or long-term fiscal deficit-cutting deal, the budget cuts were to be invoked in January.
強制削減制度は、財政再建を巡る１１年夏の与野党攻防の際に設けられた。中長期的な財政赤字削減策をまとめられない場合、今年１月に発動する予定だった。
To avert the so-called fiscal cliff of automatic spending cuts and middle-class tax increases, at least as a temporary fix, the deadline for implementing the budget cuts was put off by two months.
But negotiations between Obama and both parties collapsed, leading to the automatic budget cuts. This is an extremely serious situation.
「財政の崖」をひとまず回避するため、発動期限は２か月先送りされたが、それでも大統領と与野党の協議が決裂し、発動を防げなかったのは深刻な事態だ。
While Obama and the Democrats have been calling for cutting the federal deficit by additional tax increases on the rich and spending cuts, Republicans adamantly oppose the tax increases.
大統領と与党・民主党は、富裕層への追加増税と歳出カットによる赤字削減を主張しているのに対し、共和党はあくまで、増税に反対する強硬姿勢を崩さない。
===
Deep-rooted confrontation
This resulted in a deep-rooted confrontation that started even before last year's presidential election.
昨年の大統領選挙前からの根深い対立を浮き彫りにしている。
The automatic spending cuts will not immediately damage the U.S. economy or affect the people's lives, but if they are kept in place for a protracted period of time, ill effects will be felt both at home and abroad. The situation must be watched.
歳出の強制削減によって、ただちに米国経済や国民生活に不都合が生じるものではないが、発動が長期化すれば、影響は内外に広がる。要警戒である。
For instance, with the cuts in spending on national defense, about 800,000 civilian personnel of the U.S. Defense Department face furloughs, which could hinder U.S. security operations in the western Pacific and Japan.
例えば、国防費削減で米軍の職員約８０万人が一時帰休を強いられて、西太平洋や日本などの安全保障に支障が生じかねない。
With the cuts in air traffic controllers, some airport control towers might be closed. A large number of teachers may also be fired. With the budget cuts, these scenarios will come closer to reality.
航空管制官の削減で管制塔が閉鎖したり、教員が大量解雇されたりする事態も現実味を帯びる。
In the long term, the cuts are likely to slow down the U.S. economy, which has at last shown signs of recovery, and also damage the world economy.
ようやく景気回復の傾向が出てきた米国経済の足を引っ張り、世界経済にも打撃を与えそうだ。
While the main budget for the current fiscal year has yet to be passed into law, the provisional six-month budget will expire on March 27.
今年度予算はまだ成立せず、暫定予算の失効が２７日に迫っている。
Unless the main budget or a new provisional budget is decided on, further disarray will follow and may even cause a government shutdown.
それまでに本予算も新たな暫定予算も決まらないと、政府窓口の一部閉鎖という、さらなる混乱に拡大するだろう。
The focal issue at least for the time being is whether the confrontation between Obama and congressional Republicans will end before such adverse effects spread.
当面の焦点は、そうした悪影響が広がる前に、対立に終止符を打てるかどうかである。
===
Radical solution required
The responsibilities of the president and the Congress are grave. It is important for them to compromise soon and produce a radical solution to realize both fiscal reconstruction and economic growth, instead of continuing an unproductive exchange of denunciations.
大統領と議会の責任は重大だ。不毛な非難合戦を続けるのではなく、財政再建と経済成長を両立させる抜本策について、速やかに歩み寄ることが肝要だ。
There are many pending problems over fiscal management. Unless the limit on federal borrowing is raised by the middle of May, the U.S. government may even default on its obligations.
財政を巡る懸案は多い。５月半ばまでに連邦債務上限を引き上げられない場合、債務不履行（デフォルト）に陥る恐れすらある。
The president and Democratic and Republican lawmakers have repeatedly put off solving problems every time their negotiations have deadlocked. But makeshift measures will not lead to a fundamental solution.
大統領と与野党はこれまで、協議が行き詰まるごとに、問題先送りを繰り返してきた。だが、その場しのぎの策では、根本的な解決にならない。
The big question is whether the United States can rid itself of "politics characterized by indecision."
「決められない政治」から脱することが厳しく問われよう。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 5, 2013)
（2013年3月5日01時29分 読売新聞）
Obama, Congress must unsnarl chaos over budget
米国歳出削減 大統領と議会は混乱収拾急げ（3月5日付・読売社説）
The automatic spending cuts aimed at slashing U.S. federal spending have been implemented. President Barack Obama and Republican and Democratic lawmakers must find points of compromise and unsnarl the confusion soon.
米国政府の歳出を強制的に削減する制度が発動された。オバマ米大統領と民主、共和両党は妥協点を探り、混乱の早期収拾を図るべきである。
The spending cuts amount to 1.2 trillion dollars (about 110 trillion yen) over a 10-year period, with 85 billion dollars, or about 10 percent of government spending for fiscal 2013 (which started on Oct. 1 and ends on Sept. 30), to be cut.
歳出削減額は１０年間で１・２兆ドル（約１１０兆円）に上り、２０１３会計年度（１２年１０月～１３年９月）では、歳出の約１割に相当する８５０億ドルがカットされる。
The automatic budget cuts were mandated in legislation passed in the summer of 2011 when Democrats and Republicans failed to agree on a fiscal reconstruction plan. Without an agreement on a middle- or long-term fiscal deficit-cutting deal, the budget cuts were to be invoked in January.
強制削減制度は、財政再建を巡る１１年夏の与野党攻防の際に設けられた。中長期的な財政赤字削減策をまとめられない場合、今年１月に発動する予定だった。
To avert the so-called fiscal cliff of automatic spending cuts and middle-class tax increases, at least as a temporary fix, the deadline for implementing the budget cuts was put off by two months.
But negotiations between Obama and both parties collapsed, leading to the automatic budget cuts. This is an extremely serious situation.
「財政の崖」をひとまず回避するため、発動期限は２か月先送りされたが、それでも大統領と与野党の協議が決裂し、発動を防げなかったのは深刻な事態だ。
While Obama and the Democrats have been calling for cutting the federal deficit by additional tax increases on the rich and spending cuts, Republicans adamantly oppose the tax increases.
大統領と与党・民主党は、富裕層への追加増税と歳出カットによる赤字削減を主張しているのに対し、共和党はあくまで、増税に反対する強硬姿勢を崩さない。
===
Deep-rooted confrontation
This resulted in a deep-rooted confrontation that started even before last year's presidential election.
昨年の大統領選挙前からの根深い対立を浮き彫りにしている。
The automatic spending cuts will not immediately damage the U.S. economy or affect the people's lives, but if they are kept in place for a protracted period of time, ill effects will be felt both at home and abroad. The situation must be watched.
歳出の強制削減によって、ただちに米国経済や国民生活に不都合が生じるものではないが、発動が長期化すれば、影響は内外に広がる。要警戒である。
For instance, with the cuts in spending on national defense, about 800,000 civilian personnel of the U.S. Defense Department face furloughs, which could hinder U.S. security operations in the western Pacific and Japan.
例えば、国防費削減で米軍の職員約８０万人が一時帰休を強いられて、西太平洋や日本などの安全保障に支障が生じかねない。
With the cuts in air traffic controllers, some airport control towers might be closed. A large number of teachers may also be fired. With the budget cuts, these scenarios will come closer to reality.
航空管制官の削減で管制塔が閉鎖したり、教員が大量解雇されたりする事態も現実味を帯びる。
In the long term, the cuts are likely to slow down the U.S. economy, which has at last shown signs of recovery, and also damage the world economy.
ようやく景気回復の傾向が出てきた米国経済の足を引っ張り、世界経済にも打撃を与えそうだ。
While the main budget for the current fiscal year has yet to be passed into law, the provisional six-month budget will expire on March 27.
今年度予算はまだ成立せず、暫定予算の失効が２７日に迫っている。
Unless the main budget or a new provisional budget is decided on, further disarray will follow and may even cause a government shutdown.
それまでに本予算も新たな暫定予算も決まらないと、政府窓口の一部閉鎖という、さらなる混乱に拡大するだろう。
The focal issue at least for the time being is whether the confrontation between Obama and congressional Republicans will end before such adverse effects spread.
当面の焦点は、そうした悪影響が広がる前に、対立に終止符を打てるかどうかである。
===
Radical solution required
The responsibilities of the president and the Congress are grave. It is important for them to compromise soon and produce a radical solution to realize both fiscal reconstruction and economic growth, instead of continuing an unproductive exchange of denunciations.
大統領と議会の責任は重大だ。不毛な非難合戦を続けるのではなく、財政再建と経済成長を両立させる抜本策について、速やかに歩み寄ることが肝要だ。
There are many pending problems over fiscal management. Unless the limit on federal borrowing is raised by the middle of May, the U.S. government may even default on its obligations.
財政を巡る懸案は多い。５月半ばまでに連邦債務上限を引き上げられない場合、債務不履行（デフォルト）に陥る恐れすらある。
The president and Democratic and Republican lawmakers have repeatedly put off solving problems every time their negotiations have deadlocked. But makeshift measures will not lead to a fundamental solution.
大統領と与野党はこれまで、協議が行き詰まるごとに、問題先送りを繰り返してきた。だが、その場しのぎの策では、根本的な解決にならない。
The big question is whether the United States can rid itself of "politics characterized by indecision."
「決められない政治」から脱することが厳しく問われよう。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 5, 2013)
（2013年3月5日01時29分 読売新聞）
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The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 5, 2013)
Relax requirements for constitutional revision
憲法９６条 改正要件緩和が政治を変える（3月4日付・読売社説）
Revision of Article 96 of the Constitution, which stipulates procedures to amend the national charter, has emerged as a major item on the political agenda.
憲法改正の手続きを定めた憲法９６条の改正問題が、大きな政治テーマに浮上している。
This is apparent after the Liberal Democratic Party, Nippon Ishin no Kai (Japan Restoration Party) and Your Party, which all called for revision of the article in their campaign platforms for the House of Representatives election in December, together have acquired more than two-thirds of the chamber's 480 seats.
背景には、昨年末の衆院選で自民党や日本維新の会、みんなの党が９６条改正を公約とし、３党で衆院の３分の２超の議席を獲得したことがある。
Depending on the outcome of the House of Councillors election in July, legislative arrangements for revising the Constitution will get under way for the first time.
７月の参院選の結果次第では、憲法改正の環境が初めて整う。
Therefore, constitutional revision is now on the political agenda and has a chance of being realized.
憲法改正は今や、現実味を帯び始めた政治課題だ。
Article 96 calls for revision to be initiated by the Diet through an affirmative vote of two-thirds or more of all members of each house, followed by a national referendum in which support from a majority of the public must be secured.
９６条は、憲法改正について、衆参各議院の総議員の３分の２以上の賛成で国会が発議し、国民投票で過半数の賛成を得なければならないと規定している。
===
Hard to clear dual hurdle
It will not be easy to clear the high dual hurdle of winning affirmative votes of two-thirds or more in each chamber and securing majority support from the public in a referendum.
衆参とも３分の２以上を確保したうえで、国民投票も行うという二重の高いハードルを乗り越えるのは容易なことではない。
If the threshold of two-thirds is revised to a majority as proposed by the LDP, it will be easier to initiate amendments.
自民党が提案するように「３分の２以上」を「過半数」とすれば改正を発議しやすくなる。
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said the government will seek revision of Article 96, which is supported by many parties, ahead of other articles over which parties are divided. This is a realistic and appropriate approach.
安倍首相は、政党の考え方が対立する条項ではなく、まずは多くの党が賛同できる９６条から改正に取り組む考えを示した。現実的で妥当なアプローチである。
His view is shared by some conservative members of the Democratic Party of Japan who reportedly plan to form a new parliamentary league with lawmakers of Ishin no Kai and Your Party to revise Article 96.
民主党の一部の保守系議員も同様に考え、維新、みんな両党の議員と９６条改正を目指して新たな議員連盟を設立するという。
The controversy over constitutional revision, which puts politicians' views of the nature of the state to the test, is significant in that it could lead to a political realignment.
政治家の国家観を問う憲法改正の問題は、政界再編につながる可能性を持つ意味でも重要である。
The DPJ has not yet decided on its position on the issue due to differences of opinion within the party.
民主党は、党内の意見対立から依然として憲法改正に対する方針が定まっていない。
Even its party platform makes little reference to the issue, saying only that the party "envisages a future-oriented constitution to establish constitutionalism in the true sense of the word." This statement does not give the people much idea about how the party will tackle constitutional revision.
党の綱領にも「真の立憲主義を確立するため、未来志向の憲法を構想していく」とあるだけだ。これでは憲法改正にどう取り組むのか、さっぱりわからない。
The DPJ must hold in-depth discussions on the matter ahead of the upper house election as the issue has the potential of becoming a bone of contention.
憲法改正が争点になり得る参院選に向けて、今から党内論議を尽くしておくべきだろう。
===
Unrealistic situation
A constitution does not have to remain unchanged forever. In the past 13 years alone, Switzerland amended its Constitution 23 times, while Germany revised its top law 11 times and France 10 times.
憲法は、「不磨の大典」ではない。この１３年間だけでも、スイスは２３回、ドイツは１１回、フランスは１０回も憲法を改正している。
However, since it was enforced in 1947, the Constitution of Japan has never been revised, an extremely rare case.
制定以来一度も改正されていない日本の憲法は、世界的に見ても希有(けう)な存在だと言える。
With the changing times, the gap between the Constitution and reality has become diverse and distinct. Many lawmakers believe the Constitution should be revised in relation to protection of environmental rights and privacy, let alone national security, but nothing has been done.
時代の変化に伴い、憲法と現実との様々な乖離(かいり)が目立っている。安全保障はもとより、環境権、プライバシーの保護など、多くの国会議員が憲法改正は必要と考えながらも、実現に至らなかった。
It is natural for Ishin no Kai coleader Toru Hashimoto to assert that "it's important to discuss the content [of the Constitution], but is it satisfactory to leave intact a situation in which we cannot even seek the people's judgment on revision proposals?"
日本維新の会の橋下共同代表が「中身の議論も大事だが、国民に改正案の是非を問うこともできない状態を放置していいのか」と主張するのはもっともだ。
Now is the time to relax Article 96's requirements that has made it so difficult to revise the Constitution.
憲法改正を困難にしてきた９６条の改正要件を緩和すべき時である。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 4, 2013)
（2013年3月4日01時50分 読売新聞）
Relax requirements for constitutional revision
憲法９６条 改正要件緩和が政治を変える（3月4日付・読売社説）
Revision of Article 96 of the Constitution, which stipulates procedures to amend the national charter, has emerged as a major item on the political agenda.
憲法改正の手続きを定めた憲法９６条の改正問題が、大きな政治テーマに浮上している。
This is apparent after the Liberal Democratic Party, Nippon Ishin no Kai (Japan Restoration Party) and Your Party, which all called for revision of the article in their campaign platforms for the House of Representatives election in December, together have acquired more than two-thirds of the chamber's 480 seats.
背景には、昨年末の衆院選で自民党や日本維新の会、みんなの党が９６条改正を公約とし、３党で衆院の３分の２超の議席を獲得したことがある。
Depending on the outcome of the House of Councillors election in July, legislative arrangements for revising the Constitution will get under way for the first time.
７月の参院選の結果次第では、憲法改正の環境が初めて整う。
Therefore, constitutional revision is now on the political agenda and has a chance of being realized.
憲法改正は今や、現実味を帯び始めた政治課題だ。
Article 96 calls for revision to be initiated by the Diet through an affirmative vote of two-thirds or more of all members of each house, followed by a national referendum in which support from a majority of the public must be secured.
９６条は、憲法改正について、衆参各議院の総議員の３分の２以上の賛成で国会が発議し、国民投票で過半数の賛成を得なければならないと規定している。
===
Hard to clear dual hurdle
It will not be easy to clear the high dual hurdle of winning affirmative votes of two-thirds or more in each chamber and securing majority support from the public in a referendum.
衆参とも３分の２以上を確保したうえで、国民投票も行うという二重の高いハードルを乗り越えるのは容易なことではない。
If the threshold of two-thirds is revised to a majority as proposed by the LDP, it will be easier to initiate amendments.
自民党が提案するように「３分の２以上」を「過半数」とすれば改正を発議しやすくなる。
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said the government will seek revision of Article 96, which is supported by many parties, ahead of other articles over which parties are divided. This is a realistic and appropriate approach.
安倍首相は、政党の考え方が対立する条項ではなく、まずは多くの党が賛同できる９６条から改正に取り組む考えを示した。現実的で妥当なアプローチである。
His view is shared by some conservative members of the Democratic Party of Japan who reportedly plan to form a new parliamentary league with lawmakers of Ishin no Kai and Your Party to revise Article 96.
民主党の一部の保守系議員も同様に考え、維新、みんな両党の議員と９６条改正を目指して新たな議員連盟を設立するという。
The controversy over constitutional revision, which puts politicians' views of the nature of the state to the test, is significant in that it could lead to a political realignment.
政治家の国家観を問う憲法改正の問題は、政界再編につながる可能性を持つ意味でも重要である。
The DPJ has not yet decided on its position on the issue due to differences of opinion within the party.
民主党は、党内の意見対立から依然として憲法改正に対する方針が定まっていない。
Even its party platform makes little reference to the issue, saying only that the party "envisages a future-oriented constitution to establish constitutionalism in the true sense of the word." This statement does not give the people much idea about how the party will tackle constitutional revision.
党の綱領にも「真の立憲主義を確立するため、未来志向の憲法を構想していく」とあるだけだ。これでは憲法改正にどう取り組むのか、さっぱりわからない。
The DPJ must hold in-depth discussions on the matter ahead of the upper house election as the issue has the potential of becoming a bone of contention.
憲法改正が争点になり得る参院選に向けて、今から党内論議を尽くしておくべきだろう。
===
Unrealistic situation
A constitution does not have to remain unchanged forever. In the past 13 years alone, Switzerland amended its Constitution 23 times, while Germany revised its top law 11 times and France 10 times.
憲法は、「不磨の大典」ではない。この１３年間だけでも、スイスは２３回、ドイツは１１回、フランスは１０回も憲法を改正している。
However, since it was enforced in 1947, the Constitution of Japan has never been revised, an extremely rare case.
制定以来一度も改正されていない日本の憲法は、世界的に見ても希有(けう)な存在だと言える。
With the changing times, the gap between the Constitution and reality has become diverse and distinct. Many lawmakers believe the Constitution should be revised in relation to protection of environmental rights and privacy, let alone national security, but nothing has been done.
時代の変化に伴い、憲法と現実との様々な乖離(かいり)が目立っている。安全保障はもとより、環境権、プライバシーの保護など、多くの国会議員が憲法改正は必要と考えながらも、実現に至らなかった。
It is natural for Ishin no Kai coleader Toru Hashimoto to assert that "it's important to discuss the content [of the Constitution], but is it satisfactory to leave intact a situation in which we cannot even seek the people's judgment on revision proposals?"
日本維新の会の橋下共同代表が「中身の議論も大事だが、国民に改正案の是非を問うこともできない状態を放置していいのか」と主張するのはもっともだ。
Now is the time to relax Article 96's requirements that has made it so difficult to revise the Constitution.
憲法改正を困難にしてきた９６条の改正要件を緩和すべき時である。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 4, 2013)
（2013年3月4日01時50分 読売新聞）
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 4, 2013)
Export of F-35 parts a chance to relax arms export ban
Ｆ３５部品輸出 一層の３原則緩和も検討せよ（3月3日付・読売社説）
We praise the government's decision regarding the U.S. F-35 stealth fighter jet, as it will not only reinforce the Japan-U.S. alliance but also maintain and grow Japan's foundation for the production and technology of defense equipment.
日米同盟の強化にも、日本の防衛生産・技術基盤の維持・育成にも役立つと評価できる。
The government decided Friday to exclude Japanese-made parts for the F-35, which will be the next mainstay fighter for the Air Self-Defense Force, from its ban on arms exports. Several countries, including Japan, are working with the United States on production of the F-35.
政府が、航空自衛隊の次期主力戦闘機Ｆ３５の日米共同生産に伴う日本企業による部品輸出を、武器輸出３原則の例外として認めることを決めた。
The F-35 is a state-of-the-art fighter jet with stealth capability that makes the plane less detectable by radar.
Ｆ３５は、レーダーに捕捉されにくいステルス性が特徴の最新鋭機だ。
The Defense Ministry will introduce a total of 42 F-35s, starting this fiscal year. Three domestic companies will manufacture their bodies, engines and other parts.
防衛省は今年度から計４２機を導入する予定で、国内３企業が機体、エンジンなどを製造する。
The introduction of F-35s is extremely important in terms of air defense because the international environment around Japan is deteriorating due to such factors as China's arms buildup and the nuclear threat from North Korea. We expect the government to proceed with their introduction as scheduled.
中国の軍備増強や北朝鮮の核の脅威など日本の国際環境が悪化する中、防空面でのＦ３５導入は極めて重要だ。着実に進めたい。
===
Boon for defense industry
The participation of Japanese firms in the production of the F-35 will allow them to acquire advanced technology and experience concerning a fighter jet. It will also enable the Japanese firms to maintain and repair the F-35s in Japan to improve their operating rate.
Ｆ３５共同生産への日本企業の参画は、最先端の戦闘機技術やノウハウを吸収できるうえ、Ｆ３５の国内での修理・整備を可能にし、稼働率を高められる。
Furthermore, it will raise the level of the Japanese aircraft industry and enhance defense technology cooperation between Japan and the United States.
日本の航空機産業の高度化や日米防衛技術協力の強化にもつながろう。
This has significant meaning for the Japanese defense industry.
この意義は大きい。
Next fiscal year's defense budget will see the first increase in 11 years. However, many defense-related companies have already gone bankrupt or withdrawn from the industry due to the decline in defense spending that continued for 10 consecutive years.
来年度の防衛予算は１１年ぶりに増えたが、１０年連続の減少で、多くの防衛関連企業が倒産・撤退している。
The weakening of the domestic foundation for production and technology of defense equipment may shake the nation's security.
国内の防衛生産・技術基盤が弱体化することは、日本の安全保障をも揺るがしかねない。
A new logistic system, in which countries concerned mutually supply parts to reduce costs, was adopted for the joint production of the new fighter jet. Under the system, however, Japan-made parts could be transferred to Israel. This has caused concerns regarding compliance with Japan's three principles on arms exports, aimed at "avoiding any possible aggravation of international conflicts.
Ｆ３５共同生産では、費用削減のため、関係国が部品を融通し合う新制度を採用している。日本製部品のイスラエルへの輸出も想定され、「国際紛争の助長を回避する」とした武器輸出３原則との整合性が問題視されていた。
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga said in a statement released by the government that the export of Japanese parts is approved on condition that exports are limited to countries that comply with the mission and principles of the U.N. Charter and that the United States administer strict export controls within the logistic system.
政府が発表した菅官房長官談話は、Ｆ３５の部品輸出を容認する要件として、輸出先を「国連憲章の目的と原則に従う」国に限定することや、米国による一元的で厳格な輸出管理を挙げた。
For instance, the export of Japanese parts will not be approved to countries under sanctions imposed by the U.N. Security Council. We think this is a reasonable judgment.
具体的には、国連安全保障理事会の制裁対象国などへの輸出は認めないという。妥当な判断だ。
===
Japan caught in own trap
The statement avoids using expressions related to an "international conflict," which has various meanings. In addition to an invasive military action, it could also mean a fight against terrorism or self-defense.
談話は「国際紛争」に関する表現は外した。そもそも「国際紛争」は様々な意味を持つ。侵略的な軍事行動だけでなく、「テロとの戦い」や自衛行動も含まれよう。
With just a few exceptions, Japan has banned arms exports, being caught in its own trap by the ambiguous concept that the nation aims to avoid "any possible aggravation of international conflicts."
日本は、「国際紛争の助長」を避けるという曖昧な概念で自縄自縛に陥り、一部の例外を除いて、武器輸出を禁止してきた。
This has caused a vicious cycle in which domestically made weapons have become expensive and weighed on the defense budget, thereby delaying the introduction of advanced equipment to the Self-Defense Forces and debilitating the domestic defense industry.
その結果、国産武器は割高になって防衛予算を圧迫し、自衛隊の最新装備の導入は遅れ、防衛産業も疲弊する悪循環を招いた。
Some members of the government have used the government's approval for the export of F-35 parts to call for a review of the three principles on arms exports.
政府内では、Ｆ３５部品輸出の容認を機に、武器輸出３原則全体の見直し論も出ている。
We hope the government will give priority to the question of what is really significant for the safety of Japan, and study further relaxation of the three principles on arms exports, with certain brakes still applied.
日本の安全にとって何が重要なのか。この点を最優先し、一定の歯止めをかけつつ、３原則の一層の緩和を検討してもらいたい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 3, 2013)
（2013年3月3日01時48分 読売新聞）
Export of F-35 parts a chance to relax arms export ban
Ｆ３５部品輸出 一層の３原則緩和も検討せよ（3月3日付・読売社説）
We praise the government's decision regarding the U.S. F-35 stealth fighter jet, as it will not only reinforce the Japan-U.S. alliance but also maintain and grow Japan's foundation for the production and technology of defense equipment.
日米同盟の強化にも、日本の防衛生産・技術基盤の維持・育成にも役立つと評価できる。
The government decided Friday to exclude Japanese-made parts for the F-35, which will be the next mainstay fighter for the Air Self-Defense Force, from its ban on arms exports. Several countries, including Japan, are working with the United States on production of the F-35.
政府が、航空自衛隊の次期主力戦闘機Ｆ３５の日米共同生産に伴う日本企業による部品輸出を、武器輸出３原則の例外として認めることを決めた。
The F-35 is a state-of-the-art fighter jet with stealth capability that makes the plane less detectable by radar.
Ｆ３５は、レーダーに捕捉されにくいステルス性が特徴の最新鋭機だ。
The Defense Ministry will introduce a total of 42 F-35s, starting this fiscal year. Three domestic companies will manufacture their bodies, engines and other parts.
防衛省は今年度から計４２機を導入する予定で、国内３企業が機体、エンジンなどを製造する。
The introduction of F-35s is extremely important in terms of air defense because the international environment around Japan is deteriorating due to such factors as China's arms buildup and the nuclear threat from North Korea. We expect the government to proceed with their introduction as scheduled.
中国の軍備増強や北朝鮮の核の脅威など日本の国際環境が悪化する中、防空面でのＦ３５導入は極めて重要だ。着実に進めたい。
===
Boon for defense industry
The participation of Japanese firms in the production of the F-35 will allow them to acquire advanced technology and experience concerning a fighter jet. It will also enable the Japanese firms to maintain and repair the F-35s in Japan to improve their operating rate.
Ｆ３５共同生産への日本企業の参画は、最先端の戦闘機技術やノウハウを吸収できるうえ、Ｆ３５の国内での修理・整備を可能にし、稼働率を高められる。
Furthermore, it will raise the level of the Japanese aircraft industry and enhance defense technology cooperation between Japan and the United States.
日本の航空機産業の高度化や日米防衛技術協力の強化にもつながろう。
This has significant meaning for the Japanese defense industry.
この意義は大きい。
Next fiscal year's defense budget will see the first increase in 11 years. However, many defense-related companies have already gone bankrupt or withdrawn from the industry due to the decline in defense spending that continued for 10 consecutive years.
来年度の防衛予算は１１年ぶりに増えたが、１０年連続の減少で、多くの防衛関連企業が倒産・撤退している。
The weakening of the domestic foundation for production and technology of defense equipment may shake the nation's security.
国内の防衛生産・技術基盤が弱体化することは、日本の安全保障をも揺るがしかねない。
A new logistic system, in which countries concerned mutually supply parts to reduce costs, was adopted for the joint production of the new fighter jet. Under the system, however, Japan-made parts could be transferred to Israel. This has caused concerns regarding compliance with Japan's three principles on arms exports, aimed at "avoiding any possible aggravation of international conflicts.
Ｆ３５共同生産では、費用削減のため、関係国が部品を融通し合う新制度を採用している。日本製部品のイスラエルへの輸出も想定され、「国際紛争の助長を回避する」とした武器輸出３原則との整合性が問題視されていた。
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga said in a statement released by the government that the export of Japanese parts is approved on condition that exports are limited to countries that comply with the mission and principles of the U.N. Charter and that the United States administer strict export controls within the logistic system.
政府が発表した菅官房長官談話は、Ｆ３５の部品輸出を容認する要件として、輸出先を「国連憲章の目的と原則に従う」国に限定することや、米国による一元的で厳格な輸出管理を挙げた。
For instance, the export of Japanese parts will not be approved to countries under sanctions imposed by the U.N. Security Council. We think this is a reasonable judgment.
具体的には、国連安全保障理事会の制裁対象国などへの輸出は認めないという。妥当な判断だ。
===
Japan caught in own trap
The statement avoids using expressions related to an "international conflict," which has various meanings. In addition to an invasive military action, it could also mean a fight against terrorism or self-defense.
談話は「国際紛争」に関する表現は外した。そもそも「国際紛争」は様々な意味を持つ。侵略的な軍事行動だけでなく、「テロとの戦い」や自衛行動も含まれよう。
With just a few exceptions, Japan has banned arms exports, being caught in its own trap by the ambiguous concept that the nation aims to avoid "any possible aggravation of international conflicts."
日本は、「国際紛争の助長」を避けるという曖昧な概念で自縄自縛に陥り、一部の例外を除いて、武器輸出を禁止してきた。
This has caused a vicious cycle in which domestically made weapons have become expensive and weighed on the defense budget, thereby delaying the introduction of advanced equipment to the Self-Defense Forces and debilitating the domestic defense industry.
その結果、国産武器は割高になって防衛予算を圧迫し、自衛隊の最新装備の導入は遅れ、防衛産業も疲弊する悪循環を招いた。
Some members of the government have used the government's approval for the export of F-35 parts to call for a review of the three principles on arms exports.
政府内では、Ｆ３５部品輸出の容認を機に、武器輸出３原則全体の見直し論も出ている。
We hope the government will give priority to the question of what is really significant for the safety of Japan, and study further relaxation of the three principles on arms exports, with certain brakes still applied.
日本の安全にとって何が重要なのか。この点を最優先し、一定の歯止めをかけつつ、３原則の一層の緩和を検討してもらいたい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 3, 2013)
（2013年3月3日01時48分 読売新聞）
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 3, 2013)
China's maritime strategy causing regional arms race
中国とインド洋 影響力増大は地域の軍拡招く（3月2日付・読売社説）
A recent move by China clearly signals that the incoming administration of Xi Jinping seeks to increase its influence in the Indian Ocean as part of its aim to become a maritime giant with massive naval strength.
強大な海軍力を背景に「海洋強国」実現を目指す中国の習近平政権が、インド洋でも影響力の増大を図る姿勢を鮮明にしたと言えよう。
A state-run Chinese company has taken over the management of Gwadar Port in western Pakistan from a Singaporean firm. The port was built with Chinese government aid.
中国の支援で建設されたパキスタン西部のグワダル港の運営権が、シンガポール系企業から中国の国有企業に移った。
Situated on the Arabian Sea in the northwestern Indian Ocean, the port is a strategic point near the Strait of Hormuz, a key oil shipping lane from the Middle East to Asia.
インド洋北西部のアラビア海に面したグワダル港は、中東からアジアへの石油輸送の要所ホルムズ海峡に近い戦略的要衝である。
In addition to seeking more control of the East and South China seas to develop marine resources, China is stepping up efforts to secure maritime interests such as Northern Sea Routes and sea lanes to the Middle East and Africa.
中国は資源開発を念頭に東シナ海や南シナ海で「管轄」海域を拡大しようとする一方、北極海航路や中東、アフリカとの海上交通路（シーレーン）といった海洋権益の確保に躍起になっている。
The Chinese government has claimed that acquiring the management rights to Gwadar Port is part of its policy of economic cooperation. However, the company involved in the acquisition is a state-backed corporation--one that plays a role in implementing the country's national strategies.
中国政府は、港の運営権取得は経済協力の一環だと言う。だが、運営に携わるのは国家戦略の一翼を担う中国の国有企業だ。
Concerns that China may eventually use the port for military purposes cannot be dispelled.
将来的な軍港化への懸念は拭えない。
===
Worries over 'String of Pearls'
In addition to Gwadar, China has helped develop ports in other countries on the Indian Ocean, such as in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. A map of ports with Chinese involvement now looks like a necklace encircling India.
中国はグワダル港をはじめ、バングラデシュやスリランカなどインド洋沿岸国で港湾整備を支援してきた。各港湾を結ぶとインドを囲む首飾りのように見える。
Calling the ports a "String of Pearls," the United States is keeping its eye on this and other attempts by China to increase its geopolitical influence.
米国はこれを、海軍の外洋展開へ布石を打つ中国の「真珠の首飾り」戦略とみて注視している。
We believe India has reason to be concerned over Beijing's control of Gwadar Port.
インドが中国のグワダル港運営に警戒を示したのは当然だ。
One alarming thing about China's desire to become a maritime power is that it has intensified the arms race in the region.
問題は、中国の海洋強国化が地域の軍拡競争を煽(あお)る新たな要因となっていることにある。
Recently, India increased efforts to counter China's military buildup, such as by developing submarine-launched ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads and purchasing foreign-made fighter jets. However, these moves could also prompt action from Pakistan, which has an ongoing border dispute with India.
インドは最近、核弾頭搭載可能な潜水艦発射弾道ミサイルの開発や外国製戦闘機の購入を進めるなど、中国の軍備増強に対抗する動きを本格化させている。それが、対印国境で緊張が続くパキスタンの対抗措置を招く恐れもある。
In the East China Sea, a Chinese naval vessel locked its fire-control radar on a Maritime Self-Defense Force ship earlier this year. The Chinese Navy's attitude has become increasingly provocative.
東シナ海では中国海軍による海上自衛隊艦艇へのレーダー照射事件も起きた。中国海軍の高圧姿勢が際立っている。
===
Cooperation with India is key
To deal with the regional instability caused by China's actions, Japan and the United States need to work together with India.
地域を不安定化させる中国の動きに対処するため、日本は米国やインドと連携する必要がある。
In late January, Japan and India held their first-ever talks on maritime affairs. During the talks, the two countries agreed on the importance of ensuring freedom of the seas based on international law, as the seas are significantly important for the good of international society. We urge the two nations to deepen cooperation in many areas, including shipbuilding and port development.
日印両国は１月末に海洋に関する初の対話を行い、「海洋が国際社会にとって極めて重要な公共財で、国際法に基づく自由を確保していくことが重要だ」との認識で一致した。造船や港湾整備など多方面で協力を深めるべきだ。
A safe Indian Ocean is also essential to Japan's economic growth.
インド洋の安全確保は、日本の経済発展にも欠かせない。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 2, 2013)
（2013年3月2日01時04分 読売新聞）
China's maritime strategy causing regional arms race
中国とインド洋 影響力増大は地域の軍拡招く（3月2日付・読売社説）
A recent move by China clearly signals that the incoming administration of Xi Jinping seeks to increase its influence in the Indian Ocean as part of its aim to become a maritime giant with massive naval strength.
強大な海軍力を背景に「海洋強国」実現を目指す中国の習近平政権が、インド洋でも影響力の増大を図る姿勢を鮮明にしたと言えよう。
A state-run Chinese company has taken over the management of Gwadar Port in western Pakistan from a Singaporean firm. The port was built with Chinese government aid.
中国の支援で建設されたパキスタン西部のグワダル港の運営権が、シンガポール系企業から中国の国有企業に移った。
Situated on the Arabian Sea in the northwestern Indian Ocean, the port is a strategic point near the Strait of Hormuz, a key oil shipping lane from the Middle East to Asia.
インド洋北西部のアラビア海に面したグワダル港は、中東からアジアへの石油輸送の要所ホルムズ海峡に近い戦略的要衝である。
In addition to seeking more control of the East and South China seas to develop marine resources, China is stepping up efforts to secure maritime interests such as Northern Sea Routes and sea lanes to the Middle East and Africa.
中国は資源開発を念頭に東シナ海や南シナ海で「管轄」海域を拡大しようとする一方、北極海航路や中東、アフリカとの海上交通路（シーレーン）といった海洋権益の確保に躍起になっている。
The Chinese government has claimed that acquiring the management rights to Gwadar Port is part of its policy of economic cooperation. However, the company involved in the acquisition is a state-backed corporation--one that plays a role in implementing the country's national strategies.
中国政府は、港の運営権取得は経済協力の一環だと言う。だが、運営に携わるのは国家戦略の一翼を担う中国の国有企業だ。
Concerns that China may eventually use the port for military purposes cannot be dispelled.
将来的な軍港化への懸念は拭えない。
===
Worries over 'String of Pearls'
In addition to Gwadar, China has helped develop ports in other countries on the Indian Ocean, such as in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. A map of ports with Chinese involvement now looks like a necklace encircling India.
中国はグワダル港をはじめ、バングラデシュやスリランカなどインド洋沿岸国で港湾整備を支援してきた。各港湾を結ぶとインドを囲む首飾りのように見える。
Calling the ports a "String of Pearls," the United States is keeping its eye on this and other attempts by China to increase its geopolitical influence.
米国はこれを、海軍の外洋展開へ布石を打つ中国の「真珠の首飾り」戦略とみて注視している。
We believe India has reason to be concerned over Beijing's control of Gwadar Port.
インドが中国のグワダル港運営に警戒を示したのは当然だ。
One alarming thing about China's desire to become a maritime power is that it has intensified the arms race in the region.
問題は、中国の海洋強国化が地域の軍拡競争を煽(あお)る新たな要因となっていることにある。
Recently, India increased efforts to counter China's military buildup, such as by developing submarine-launched ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads and purchasing foreign-made fighter jets. However, these moves could also prompt action from Pakistan, which has an ongoing border dispute with India.
インドは最近、核弾頭搭載可能な潜水艦発射弾道ミサイルの開発や外国製戦闘機の購入を進めるなど、中国の軍備増強に対抗する動きを本格化させている。それが、対印国境で緊張が続くパキスタンの対抗措置を招く恐れもある。
In the East China Sea, a Chinese naval vessel locked its fire-control radar on a Maritime Self-Defense Force ship earlier this year. The Chinese Navy's attitude has become increasingly provocative.
東シナ海では中国海軍による海上自衛隊艦艇へのレーダー照射事件も起きた。中国海軍の高圧姿勢が際立っている。
===
Cooperation with India is key
To deal with the regional instability caused by China's actions, Japan and the United States need to work together with India.
地域を不安定化させる中国の動きに対処するため、日本は米国やインドと連携する必要がある。
In late January, Japan and India held their first-ever talks on maritime affairs. During the talks, the two countries agreed on the importance of ensuring freedom of the seas based on international law, as the seas are significantly important for the good of international society. We urge the two nations to deepen cooperation in many areas, including shipbuilding and port development.
日印両国は１月末に海洋に関する初の対話を行い、「海洋が国際社会にとって極めて重要な公共財で、国際法に基づく自由を確保していくことが重要だ」との認識で一致した。造船や港湾整備など多方面で協力を深めるべきだ。
A safe Indian Ocean is also essential to Japan's economic growth.
インド洋の安全確保は、日本の経済発展にも欠かせない。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 2, 2013)
（2013年3月2日01時04分 読売新聞）
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 2, 2013)
Use transfer of power to achieve specific results
施政方針演説 政権交代の果実を具体化せよ（3月1日付・読売社説）
"The close alliance between Japan and the United States has now been perfectly revived," and "Let's begin in-depth discussions toward revising the Constitution."
「緊密な日米同盟は完全に復活」「憲法改正へ向けた議論を深めよう」
These remarks from Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's policy speech to the Diet on Thursday were especially conspicuous, as they marked changes in Japan's key policies following the transfer of power late last year.
安倍首相の施政方針演説には政権交代を印象づける言葉が目立った。
We appreciate the prime minister's fundamental stance to seek a "strong Japan" centering around the keyword of the nation's "self-reliance."
「自立」をキーワードに「強い日本」を目指す、という基本姿勢は、前向きに評価したい。
With such countries as China apparently in mind, Abe spoke about the integrity of Japan's land, territorial waters and airspace, as well as the challenges being made to its sovereignty, during the key policy speech.
Abe mentioned his plan to increase Japan's defense spending for the first time in 11 years, while launching full-fledged discussions on creating an organ similar to the U.S. National Security Council. It is of truly high importance for the government to steadily put these ideas into practice.
首相は、中国などを念頭に、日本の領土・領海・領空と主権に対する挑発が続いていると指摘し、１１年ぶりの防衛費増額や国家安全保障会議（日本版ＮＳＣ）の設置検討に言及した。着実に具体化していくことが重要だ。
China has defined 2013 as the first year of its becoming a naval power, and is augmenting its maritime capabilities.
中国は今年を海洋強国化元年と位置づけ、海軍を増強している。
The Japanese government must appeal strongly to the international community for the need to solve international problems not through the use of force but on the basis of law.
政府は、力の行使ではなく、法に基づく問題解決の重要性を国際社会に強く訴えねばならない。
===
Many urgent tasks await
The prime minister referred in the speech to his recent summit meeting with U.S. President Barack Obama, vowing that Japan will play additional roles to help beef up bilateral security arrangements.
首相は日米首脳会談に触れ、安全保障体制の強化のために日本が更なる役割を果たすと語った。
The nation must urgently solve such pending issues as asserting its entitlement to exercise the right to collective self-defense and relocating the functions of the U.S. Marine Corps' Futenma Air Station in Okinawa Prefecture.
集団的自衛権の行使や米軍普天間飛行場の移設など、懸案事項に道筋をつけることが欠かせない。
Regarding the politically sensitive issue of whether Japan should participate in the U.S.-led Trans-Pacific Partnership talks, Abe explained in the speech that the multilateral negotiations will not be held "on the premise of abolishing tariffs without exception."
He indicated the government's willingness to take part in the TPP talks, saying a final judgment on whether to participate "will be made on the government's responsibility."
米国主導の環太平洋経済連携協定（ＴＰＰ）交渉の参加問題では「聖域なき関税撤廃」が前提ではないことをオバマ米大統領と確認したと説明した。「政府の責任で交渉参加について判断する」と述べ、参加に意欲を示した。
Liberal Democratic Party lawmakers backed by farming organizations and other groups that oppose Japan's participation in the TPP negotiations have begun to shed their wariness at joining the talks on the condition that Japan secure a guarantee through international negotiations that certain trade items will be excluded from the planned abolition of tariffs.
農業団体などの支援を受けた自民党内のＴＰＰ慎重派も、参加を容認し、国際交渉を通じてコメなど例外品目を勝ち取る戦術に転換してきている。
Therefore it can safely be said that the environment is right for the prime minister to officially announce Japan's intention to participate in the TPP talks.
首相の参加表明の環境は、整いつつある。
Japan does not have sufficient time to be involved in crafting the guidelines governing free trade rules in the TPP talks. The government should proceed swiftly with procedures for taking part in the talks to protect Japan's national interests.
自由貿易のルール作りに日本が関与できる時間はあまり残されていない。速やかに参加の手続きを進めて、国益を確保すべきだ。
In the policy speech, Abe also stressed that the government will do its utmost to make Japan the world's best country for business.
首相は、「世界で一番企業が活躍しやすい国」を目指すと強調した。
===
Moves for partial coalition
He stated his government will formulate a responsible energy policy, and expressed his resolve to restart nuclear reactors if their safety is ensured. But simply making such a statement is hardly enough.
責任あるエネルギー政策を構築し、「安全が確認された原発は再稼働する」と述べたが、これだけでは物足りない。
Screenings for the reactivation of reactors will not come before July, when the Nuclear Regulation Authority is scheduled to decide on a set of new safety standards. Given this, there will not be satisfactory progress in restarting reactors unless the NRA conducts the screenings in a highly efficient manner. The stable supply of energy and reductions in its cost could be jeopardized.
原発再稼働の審査は、原子力規制委員会が新安全基準を決定する７月以降になる。よほど効率的に審査しないと再稼働は進むまい。エネルギーの安定供給とコスト低減がおぼつかなくなる。
The prime minister must fully exercise his leadership to achieve the earliest possible restart of reactors.
首相は率先して再稼働へ指導力を発揮しなければならない。
At the end of his speech, Abe called for the opposition to engage in constructive discussion to produce good results, instead of engaging in partisan bickering with the ruling coalition.
最後に首相は、与党と足の引っ張り合いをするのではなく、建設的な議論を行い、結果を出そうと野党に呼び掛けた。
His call for expediting interparty talks to review the electoral system and discussions by the panels of both Diet houses on the study of constitutional revisions can also be considered appropriate.
選挙制度の見直しや憲法審査会の論議促進を求めたのも妥当な認識と言える。
Despite the divided Diet, in which the opposition controls the House of Councillors while the ruling camp has a majority in the House of Representatives, a partial coalition is gaining momentum as exemplified by the passage of a supplementary budget through the upper house.
衆参ねじれ国会でも補正予算が参院で可決、成立するなど部分連合の機運が高まっている。
We strongly hope to see the ruling and opposition blocs work together to form a consensus on key issues.
与野党の合意形成に期待する。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 1, 2013)
（2013年3月1日01時32分 読売新聞）
Use transfer of power to achieve specific results
施政方針演説 政権交代の果実を具体化せよ（3月1日付・読売社説）
"The close alliance between Japan and the United States has now been perfectly revived," and "Let's begin in-depth discussions toward revising the Constitution."
「緊密な日米同盟は完全に復活」「憲法改正へ向けた議論を深めよう」
These remarks from Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's policy speech to the Diet on Thursday were especially conspicuous, as they marked changes in Japan's key policies following the transfer of power late last year.
安倍首相の施政方針演説には政権交代を印象づける言葉が目立った。
We appreciate the prime minister's fundamental stance to seek a "strong Japan" centering around the keyword of the nation's "self-reliance."
「自立」をキーワードに「強い日本」を目指す、という基本姿勢は、前向きに評価したい。
With such countries as China apparently in mind, Abe spoke about the integrity of Japan's land, territorial waters and airspace, as well as the challenges being made to its sovereignty, during the key policy speech.
Abe mentioned his plan to increase Japan's defense spending for the first time in 11 years, while launching full-fledged discussions on creating an organ similar to the U.S. National Security Council. It is of truly high importance for the government to steadily put these ideas into practice.
首相は、中国などを念頭に、日本の領土・領海・領空と主権に対する挑発が続いていると指摘し、１１年ぶりの防衛費増額や国家安全保障会議（日本版ＮＳＣ）の設置検討に言及した。着実に具体化していくことが重要だ。
China has defined 2013 as the first year of its becoming a naval power, and is augmenting its maritime capabilities.
中国は今年を海洋強国化元年と位置づけ、海軍を増強している。
The Japanese government must appeal strongly to the international community for the need to solve international problems not through the use of force but on the basis of law.
政府は、力の行使ではなく、法に基づく問題解決の重要性を国際社会に強く訴えねばならない。
===
Many urgent tasks await
The prime minister referred in the speech to his recent summit meeting with U.S. President Barack Obama, vowing that Japan will play additional roles to help beef up bilateral security arrangements.
首相は日米首脳会談に触れ、安全保障体制の強化のために日本が更なる役割を果たすと語った。
The nation must urgently solve such pending issues as asserting its entitlement to exercise the right to collective self-defense and relocating the functions of the U.S. Marine Corps' Futenma Air Station in Okinawa Prefecture.
集団的自衛権の行使や米軍普天間飛行場の移設など、懸案事項に道筋をつけることが欠かせない。
Regarding the politically sensitive issue of whether Japan should participate in the U.S.-led Trans-Pacific Partnership talks, Abe explained in the speech that the multilateral negotiations will not be held "on the premise of abolishing tariffs without exception."
He indicated the government's willingness to take part in the TPP talks, saying a final judgment on whether to participate "will be made on the government's responsibility."
米国主導の環太平洋経済連携協定（ＴＰＰ）交渉の参加問題では「聖域なき関税撤廃」が前提ではないことをオバマ米大統領と確認したと説明した。「政府の責任で交渉参加について判断する」と述べ、参加に意欲を示した。
Liberal Democratic Party lawmakers backed by farming organizations and other groups that oppose Japan's participation in the TPP negotiations have begun to shed their wariness at joining the talks on the condition that Japan secure a guarantee through international negotiations that certain trade items will be excluded from the planned abolition of tariffs.
農業団体などの支援を受けた自民党内のＴＰＰ慎重派も、参加を容認し、国際交渉を通じてコメなど例外品目を勝ち取る戦術に転換してきている。
Therefore it can safely be said that the environment is right for the prime minister to officially announce Japan's intention to participate in the TPP talks.
首相の参加表明の環境は、整いつつある。
Japan does not have sufficient time to be involved in crafting the guidelines governing free trade rules in the TPP talks. The government should proceed swiftly with procedures for taking part in the talks to protect Japan's national interests.
自由貿易のルール作りに日本が関与できる時間はあまり残されていない。速やかに参加の手続きを進めて、国益を確保すべきだ。
In the policy speech, Abe also stressed that the government will do its utmost to make Japan the world's best country for business.
首相は、「世界で一番企業が活躍しやすい国」を目指すと強調した。
===
Moves for partial coalition
He stated his government will formulate a responsible energy policy, and expressed his resolve to restart nuclear reactors if their safety is ensured. But simply making such a statement is hardly enough.
責任あるエネルギー政策を構築し、「安全が確認された原発は再稼働する」と述べたが、これだけでは物足りない。
Screenings for the reactivation of reactors will not come before July, when the Nuclear Regulation Authority is scheduled to decide on a set of new safety standards. Given this, there will not be satisfactory progress in restarting reactors unless the NRA conducts the screenings in a highly efficient manner. The stable supply of energy and reductions in its cost could be jeopardized.
原発再稼働の審査は、原子力規制委員会が新安全基準を決定する７月以降になる。よほど効率的に審査しないと再稼働は進むまい。エネルギーの安定供給とコスト低減がおぼつかなくなる。
The prime minister must fully exercise his leadership to achieve the earliest possible restart of reactors.
首相は率先して再稼働へ指導力を発揮しなければならない。
At the end of his speech, Abe called for the opposition to engage in constructive discussion to produce good results, instead of engaging in partisan bickering with the ruling coalition.
最後に首相は、与党と足の引っ張り合いをするのではなく、建設的な議論を行い、結果を出そうと野党に呼び掛けた。
His call for expediting interparty talks to review the electoral system and discussions by the panels of both Diet houses on the study of constitutional revisions can also be considered appropriate.
選挙制度の見直しや憲法審査会の論議促進を求めたのも妥当な認識と言える。
Despite the divided Diet, in which the opposition controls the House of Councillors while the ruling camp has a majority in the House of Representatives, a partial coalition is gaining momentum as exemplified by the passage of a supplementary budget through the upper house.
衆参ねじれ国会でも補正予算が参院で可決、成立するなど部分連合の機運が高まっている。
We strongly hope to see the ruling and opposition blocs work together to form a consensus on key issues.
与野党の合意形成に期待する。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 1, 2013)
（2013年3月1日01時32分 読売新聞）
プロフィール
ＨＮ：
srachai
ＨＰ：
性別：
男性
職業：
civil engineer
趣味：
子育て
自己紹介：
妻はタイ人、娘ばかり３人も！
■近況
２００９年の９月１５日に脳梗塞を発症、右手が少し不自由になりました。
MRAで脳梗塞の部位を特定でき、素早い処置をとれたので大事に至りませんでした。
快復にむけてリハビリ中です。
(2011/01/01更新)
■自己紹介・リンク
[ はじめに ]
タイのスラチャイです。
英語学習に王道はありません。
毎日毎日の地道な努力の積み重ねが必要です。
スラチャイはＮＨＫのラジオ英語会話で現在の英語力を身につけました。
一日僅か１５分の学習でも数年間継続すれば相当な学習効果が期待できます。
[ 名前 ]
松井 清 （スラチャイ）
[ 略歴 ]
・福岡県出身
・国立高知大学卒業
・準大手建設会社に就職
・50歳で会社を早期退職
・99/10 タイ全土を旅行
・00/10 タイに移住
・03/07 カイちゃん誕生
・07/06 シーファーちゃん誕生
・現在タイ国コンケン在住
[ 座右の銘 ]
Slow and steady wins the race.
遅くとも着実な者が勝利する
（NHK基礎英語芹沢栄先生）
[ 学習の手引き ]
・音読して耳から英語を吸収
・Think in English.
・ネイティブ発音付辞書活用
・英英辞典を活用（英和も）
・翻訳和文で専門用語確認
[ English Newspapers ]
Yomiuri
Mainichi
Asahi
Japan Times
Washington Post
Newyork Times
Bangkok Post
The Nations
Phuket Gazette
[ 英字新聞の英和対訳学習 ]
英字新聞（読売）
英字新聞（毎日）
英字新聞（朝日）
英字新聞（朝日２）
[ スラチャイ編集の辞書 ]
タイ日辞書（改訂版）
日タイ辞書（改訂版）
ラオ日辞書
日ラオ辞書
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タイ語の子音
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スラチャイ編曲のmidiのギター曲
スラチャイ編曲のJ.S.Bachです
スラチャイの多国言語学習
初歩のタイ語
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タイ語の接続詞
基礎タイ語
基礎タイ語一覧（タイ文字、ローマ字）
seesaaサイト内リンク一覧：
01 あいさつ
02 別れのあいさつ
03 声をかけるとき
04 感謝の言葉と答え方
05 謝罪の言葉と答え方
06 聞き直すとき
07 相手の言うことがわからないとき
08 うまく言えないとき
09 一般的なあいづち
10 よくわからないときの返事
11 強めのあいづち
12 自分について述べるとき
13 相手のことを尋ねるとき
14 頼みごとをするとき
15 申し出・依頼を断るとき
16 許可を求めるとき
17 説明してもらうとき
18 確認を求めるとき
19 状況を知りたいとき
20 値段の尋ね方と断り方
21 急いでもらいたいとき
22 待ってもらいたいとき
23 日時・場所・天候を尋ねるとき
24 その他
基礎タイ語一覧(タイ文字、音声付き）
サイト外HPリンク一覧：
01 あいさつ
02 別れのあいさつ
03 声をかけるとき
04 感謝の言葉と答え方
05 謝罪の言葉と答え方
06 聞き直すとき
07 相手の言うことがわからないとき
08 うまく言えないとき
09 一般的なあいづち
10 よくわからないときの返事
11 強めのあいづち
12 自分について述べるとき
13 相手のことを尋ねるとき
14 頼みごとをするとき
15 申し出・依頼を断るとき
16 許可を求めるとき
17 説明してもらうとき
18 確認を求めるとき
19 状況を知りたいとき
20 値段の尋ね方と断り方
21 急いでもらいたいとき
22 待ってもらいたいとき
23 日時・場所・天候を尋ねるとき
24 その他
タイの文化、１４の戒律
タイの文化一覧:
01 雨の日にも傘をささないタイ人
02 勉強熱心なタイ人女性たち
03 タイ人は敬謙な仏教徒
04 タイの市場
05 タイの食堂
06 タイ人は外食が大好き
07 果物王国タイランド
08 タイ人の誕生日
09 タイの電話代は高い
10 微笑みの国タイランド
1４の戒律（テラワーダ仏教戒律）
seesaaサイト内リンク一覧：
第０１番目の戒律
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第０６番目の戒律
第０７番目の戒律
第０８番目の戒律
第０９番目の戒律
第１０番目の戒律
第１１番目の戒律
第１２番目の戒律
第１３番目の戒律
第１４番目の戒律
1４の戒律（テラワーダ仏教戒律）
サイト外HPリンク一覧：
１４の戒律解説
第０１番目の戒律
第０２番目の戒律
第０３番目の戒律
第０４番目の戒律
第０５番目の戒律
第０６番目の戒律
第０７番目の戒律
第０８番目の戒律
第０９番目の戒律
第１０番目の戒律
第１１番目の戒律
第１２番目の戒律
第１３番目の戒律
第１４番目の戒律