読売、毎日、朝日各社英字新聞の社説を学習研究
×
[PR]上記の広告は3ヶ月以上新規記事投稿のないブログに表示されています。新しい記事を書く事で広告が消えます。
2011/08/10
--The Asahi Shimbun, Aug. 9
EDITORIAL: Countries need to work together to avert another global financial crisis
米国債格下げ―世界危機への連鎖防げ
Standard & Poor's, the credit rating agency, has stripped the U.S. government debt of its top-notch rating for the first time in history.
初の米国債格下げ。
Europe's sovereign debt crisis is showing no signs of waning.
収まらない欧州の債務問題。
And the yen is trading at historically high levels against the greenback.
そして歴史的な円高ドル安――。
Concerns about government debt in the industrialized world are threatening to create a full-blown financial crisis that will deliver a massive blow to the global economy.
財政赤字をめぐる不安が世界経済を揺るがす危機に発展しかねない。
The urgency of the situation prodded the Group of Seven leading economies into action.
そんな切迫感から主要７カ国（Ｇ７）が動いた。
At an emergency conference Aug.7, their finance ministers and central bankers issued a joint statement pledging to work in tandem to regain fiscal health and restore stability in foreign exchange markets.
電話による緊急の財務相・中央銀行総裁会議を開き、財政再建や為替安定などで結束するとの声明を発した。
We welcome their quick response to the situation.
機敏な反応を歓迎する。
For many years, U.S. government bonds have been regarded as the safest financial assets in the world.
米国債は長く世界で最も安全な金融資産とされてきた。
But Standard & Poor's, one of the three major credit-rating agencies, has--for the first time ever--lowered its rating of long-term federal debt one notch from the top grade of AAA.
その最上位の格付けを、大手格付け会社スタンダード・アンド・プアーズ（Ｓ＆Ｐ）が初めて引き下げた。
The investment services company said the downgrade was based mainly on a bleaker outlook for the U.S. public finances in the wake of political confusion in the Congress over the issue of increasing the government's borrowing limit.
債務上限の引き上げなどをめぐる米議会の政治的混乱から、本格的な財政再建への展望が暗い点を重く見た。
As former Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker once said, the key question concerning the problem of government debt is not whether the country can pay back its debt but whether it has the will to do so.
政府債務問題は「その国が返済できるかどうかではなく、返済する気があるかどうかの問題だ」（ボルカー元米連邦準備制度理事会議長）といわれる。
The recent partisan squabbling over the debt ceiling issue has called into question Washington's will to tackle its fiscal woes.
まさにこの点への疑義が募った。
The U.S. government and Congress should work together to come up with stronger, more convincing measures to reduce the federal debt.
米政府と議会に財政再建策の拡充を改めて求めたい。
The two other major rating agencies, Moody's Investor Service and Fitch Ratings, have decided to maintain their top credit ratings for the U.S. government.
ムーディーズ、フィッチという他の大手は最上位の格付けを維持した。
There are clearly no other financial assets that are as safe, liquid and actively traded as U.S. government bonds.
相対的に信用が高く、発行量も多く、市場取引も活発な金融資産として、米国債に代わるものは他に見当たらない。
Analysts say the downgrade is unlikely to prompt investors to dump Treasuries.
投げ売りが広がる恐れは少ないとみられている。
But even the indirect effects of the downgrade are serious enough to warrant much attention.
ただし、格下げの間接的な影響だけでも無視できない。
As the risk of investing in Treasuries has increased, investors are likely to try to reduce their exposure to riskier investments, with serious consequences for stocks and bonds with lower ratings.
投資家は米国債のリスクが高まった分、もっと危ない投資対象を減らして対応する可能性が高い。
The immediate worry is that the rolling sovereign debt crisis in Europe may become even worse.
株式や格付けの低い債券への影響が心配だ。まず懸念されるのが、すでに欧州で燃え上がっている政府債務危機の火に油が注がれることだ。
The G-7 joint statement called on the member states of the European Union to swiftly ratify and implement their recent agreements on measures to enhance the European Financial Stability Facility, a bailout fund to rescue debt-ridden European countries.
Ｇ７の緊急声明は、欧州が先に決めた欧州金融安定化基金の強化策を加盟国が早く承認して実行するよう催促している。
Europe needs to act with haste to expand the fund so as to ease concerns about Italy's debt crisis.
イタリアの不安を抑え込むため、安定化基金の拡大にも急ぎ取りかかってほしい。
The joint G-7 statement also suggested that the world's richest countries are ready to make concerted intervention in currency markets to stop the dollar from weakening further and to curb wild fluctuations in exchange rates.
緊急声明はドル安と為替相場の混乱を防ぐため、協調介入もにおわせた。
Japan wants to prevent the yen, which is already close to the all-time high against the dollar, from rising further. 日本は戦後最高値に迫る円高の進行を押しとどめたい。
But the dollar's weakness is not a problem for Japan alone.
だが、ドル安は日本だけの問題ではない。
A repeat of the devaluation race that occurred last autumn must be avoided.
昨秋のような通貨安競争の再燃は避けなければならない。
The current crisis resulted from a confluence of deep-rooted problems.
進行中の危機は根が深い。
Countries need to take steps to fix their public finances while preventing their economies from sinking into recession in the face of relentless pressure from markets.
市場の圧迫に耐え、景気悪化を防ぎ、しかも財政再建を進める。
The question is whether the major industrial nations will be able to commit themselves firmly to cooperation for achieving these goals.
そんな３正面作戦に向けて主要国が腰を据えて協力できるかどうか。
Also important is expanding this international cooperation to include key emerging countries like China.
中国など新興国にも連携の輪を広げられるか。
Another big challenge facing rich countries is how to deal with the consequences of the trend toward a multipolar currency system, which will be accelerated by the downgrade of U.S. government bonds.
そして米国債の格下げで進むであろう国際通貨秩序の多極化にどう対応するか。
The multitude of challenges facing the world economy demands strenuous and coordinated international efforts based on a broad perspective.
山積する課題に、広い視野で当たってほしい。
--The Asahi Shimbun, Aug. 9
EDITORIAL: Countries need to work together to avert another global financial crisis
米国債格下げ―世界危機への連鎖防げ
Standard & Poor's, the credit rating agency, has stripped the U.S. government debt of its top-notch rating for the first time in history.
初の米国債格下げ。
Europe's sovereign debt crisis is showing no signs of waning.
収まらない欧州の債務問題。
And the yen is trading at historically high levels against the greenback.
そして歴史的な円高ドル安――。
Concerns about government debt in the industrialized world are threatening to create a full-blown financial crisis that will deliver a massive blow to the global economy.
財政赤字をめぐる不安が世界経済を揺るがす危機に発展しかねない。
The urgency of the situation prodded the Group of Seven leading economies into action.
そんな切迫感から主要７カ国（Ｇ７）が動いた。
At an emergency conference Aug.7, their finance ministers and central bankers issued a joint statement pledging to work in tandem to regain fiscal health and restore stability in foreign exchange markets.
電話による緊急の財務相・中央銀行総裁会議を開き、財政再建や為替安定などで結束するとの声明を発した。
We welcome their quick response to the situation.
機敏な反応を歓迎する。
For many years, U.S. government bonds have been regarded as the safest financial assets in the world.
米国債は長く世界で最も安全な金融資産とされてきた。
But Standard & Poor's, one of the three major credit-rating agencies, has--for the first time ever--lowered its rating of long-term federal debt one notch from the top grade of AAA.
その最上位の格付けを、大手格付け会社スタンダード・アンド・プアーズ（Ｓ＆Ｐ）が初めて引き下げた。
The investment services company said the downgrade was based mainly on a bleaker outlook for the U.S. public finances in the wake of political confusion in the Congress over the issue of increasing the government's borrowing limit.
債務上限の引き上げなどをめぐる米議会の政治的混乱から、本格的な財政再建への展望が暗い点を重く見た。
As former Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker once said, the key question concerning the problem of government debt is not whether the country can pay back its debt but whether it has the will to do so.
政府債務問題は「その国が返済できるかどうかではなく、返済する気があるかどうかの問題だ」（ボルカー元米連邦準備制度理事会議長）といわれる。
The recent partisan squabbling over the debt ceiling issue has called into question Washington's will to tackle its fiscal woes.
まさにこの点への疑義が募った。
The U.S. government and Congress should work together to come up with stronger, more convincing measures to reduce the federal debt.
米政府と議会に財政再建策の拡充を改めて求めたい。
The two other major rating agencies, Moody's Investor Service and Fitch Ratings, have decided to maintain their top credit ratings for the U.S. government.
ムーディーズ、フィッチという他の大手は最上位の格付けを維持した。
There are clearly no other financial assets that are as safe, liquid and actively traded as U.S. government bonds.
相対的に信用が高く、発行量も多く、市場取引も活発な金融資産として、米国債に代わるものは他に見当たらない。
Analysts say the downgrade is unlikely to prompt investors to dump Treasuries.
投げ売りが広がる恐れは少ないとみられている。
But even the indirect effects of the downgrade are serious enough to warrant much attention.
ただし、格下げの間接的な影響だけでも無視できない。
As the risk of investing in Treasuries has increased, investors are likely to try to reduce their exposure to riskier investments, with serious consequences for stocks and bonds with lower ratings.
投資家は米国債のリスクが高まった分、もっと危ない投資対象を減らして対応する可能性が高い。
The immediate worry is that the rolling sovereign debt crisis in Europe may become even worse.
株式や格付けの低い債券への影響が心配だ。まず懸念されるのが、すでに欧州で燃え上がっている政府債務危機の火に油が注がれることだ。
The G-7 joint statement called on the member states of the European Union to swiftly ratify and implement their recent agreements on measures to enhance the European Financial Stability Facility, a bailout fund to rescue debt-ridden European countries.
Ｇ７の緊急声明は、欧州が先に決めた欧州金融安定化基金の強化策を加盟国が早く承認して実行するよう催促している。
Europe needs to act with haste to expand the fund so as to ease concerns about Italy's debt crisis.
イタリアの不安を抑え込むため、安定化基金の拡大にも急ぎ取りかかってほしい。
The joint G-7 statement also suggested that the world's richest countries are ready to make concerted intervention in currency markets to stop the dollar from weakening further and to curb wild fluctuations in exchange rates.
緊急声明はドル安と為替相場の混乱を防ぐため、協調介入もにおわせた。
Japan wants to prevent the yen, which is already close to the all-time high against the dollar, from rising further. 日本は戦後最高値に迫る円高の進行を押しとどめたい。
But the dollar's weakness is not a problem for Japan alone.
だが、ドル安は日本だけの問題ではない。
A repeat of the devaluation race that occurred last autumn must be avoided.
昨秋のような通貨安競争の再燃は避けなければならない。
The current crisis resulted from a confluence of deep-rooted problems.
進行中の危機は根が深い。
Countries need to take steps to fix their public finances while preventing their economies from sinking into recession in the face of relentless pressure from markets.
市場の圧迫に耐え、景気悪化を防ぎ、しかも財政再建を進める。
The question is whether the major industrial nations will be able to commit themselves firmly to cooperation for achieving these goals.
そんな３正面作戦に向けて主要国が腰を据えて協力できるかどうか。
Also important is expanding this international cooperation to include key emerging countries like China.
中国など新興国にも連携の輪を広げられるか。
Another big challenge facing rich countries is how to deal with the consequences of the trend toward a multipolar currency system, which will be accelerated by the downgrade of U.S. government bonds.
そして米国債の格下げで進むであろう国際通貨秩序の多極化にどう対応するか。
The multitude of challenges facing the world economy demands strenuous and coordinated international efforts based on a broad perspective.
山積する課題に、広い視野で当たってほしい。
PR
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Aug. 10, 2011)
Coordinated action on financial markets crucial
Ｇ７緊急声明 問われる具体的な協調行動（8月9日付・読売社説）
Japan, the United States and European countries have made clear their determination to cooperate to avert turmoil in the financial markets resulting from the recent downgrading of the U.S. credit rating.
日米欧が連携して、米国債の格下げによる金融市場の混乱を回避する決意を明確にした。
Yet the effect has so far been limited and has failed to eliminate unease in the markets. The question now is what concrete policy coordination is needed.
しかし、その効果は限定的で、市場の不安感は払拭できていない。より具体的な政策協調が問われよう。
Finance ministers and central bank governors from the Group of Seven leading economies held an emergency telephone conference Monday morning (Japan time) and adopted a joint statement.
日米欧の先進７か国財務相・中央銀行総裁会議（Ｇ７）は８日朝、緊急に電話で協議し、共同声明を採択した。
They held the conference right before the opening of Asian financial markets, indicating their sense of crisis and intention to forestall unrest in the markets.
東京やアジア市場が開く直前に会議を開いたのは、市場の動揺を警戒し、先手を打ちたいＧ７の危機感の表れだ。
It also said, "We are committed to taking coordinated action where needed," making clear their stance of supporting the markets by supplying ample funds.
共同声明は、「金融安定化と成長を支えるためにあらゆる手段を講じる」と表明した。
The statement said, "We are committed to taking necessary measures to support financial stability and economic growth."
さらに「必要な場合は協調行動を取る」とし、資金供給によって市場を下支えする姿勢も明らかにした。
Late last week, Standard & Poor's cut the U.S. credit rating for the first time, as the credit ratings agency made a grim assessment of the outlook of U.S. fiscal reconstruction.
先週末、米格付け会社のスタンダード・アンド・プアーズ（Ｓ＆Ｐ）が、米国の財政再建の見通しを厳しく評価し、米国債の格付けを史上初めて引き下げた。
===
Market confidence shaken
The statement did not refer directly to this issue. But the markets' confidence in the U.S. currency has been shaken further, and the financial markets face a crucial juncture. Stock prices may fall worldwide, and the dollar-selling trend may accelerate.
声明は直接、この問題に言及しなかったが、ドルの信認が一段と揺らぎ、世界的な株安連鎖と、ドル売りが加速しかねない正念場を迎えている。
The statement praised the "decisive actions" of the United States and European countries in trying to reduce their fiscal deficits.
米国と欧州の財政赤字削減策に関し、声明は「断固たる行動を歓迎する」と指摘した。
The G-7 ministers urged the United States and European countries to steadily take actions to put their fiscal houses in order--actions that the markets would rate highly. The ministers may have been attempting to restore order to the markets.
市場が評価できるような着実な財政再建を米欧に促すことで、混乱の沈静化を狙ったのだろう。
On Monday, the 225-issue Nikkei Stock Average plunged 202.32 points from Friday's close on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. And on other Asian markets, stock prices declined.
８日の東京株式市場の株価は前週末比２０２円安と下落した。アジア市場でも株価が値下がりした。
On the currency market, the U.S. dollar was traded at around 78 yen.
為替市場では、１ドル＝７８円をはさんだ取引が続いた。
A free fall in stock prices and a surge in the yen's value have been averted, at least for now, but prospects remain murky.
ひとまず、株価の暴落や円急騰は回避できたが、先行きは不透明である。
The G-7 nations should consider that the markets are calling for additional concerted actions.
市場はＧ７の一段の行動を求めているとみるべきだ。
===
Focus on Italy, Spain
In Europe, the yields on government bonds of such deficit-ridden countries as Greece have been rising across the board.
欧州では、ギリシャなど財政赤字国の国債利回りが軒並み上昇している。
In particular, Italian and Spanish government bonds, whose creditworthiness is a source of spreading uncertainty, are coming under increasing scrutiny.
中でも、信用不安が広がっているイタリアとスペインが市場の焦点になりつつある。
In tandem with the issuance of the G-7 statement, the European Central Bank promptly decided to buy Italian and Spanish government bonds. We think this is proper.
Ｇ７声明と連動する形で、欧州中央銀行（ＥＣＢ）がさっそく、両国の国債を買い入れる方針を決めた点は評価できる。
We hope the ECB will work more closely with France and Germany and they all will do their utmost to contain the crisis.
ＥＣＢは仏独と連携を強め、危機の封じ込めに全力を挙げてほしい。
Japan, for its part, needs to make efforts to prevent the yen from soaring again to the level of 76 yen to the dollar. 日本としては、円相場が再び、１ドル＝７６円台に急騰する事態を防がねばならない。
The effect of the yen-selling market intervention, which Japan implemented unilaterally on Thursday, has already weakened.
日本が４日に単独で実施した円売り介入の効果が早くも薄れている。
It is significant that the G-7 statement said, "We will consult closely in regard to actions in exchange markets and will cooperate as appropriate," in an effort to hold in check excess volatility in exchange rates.
Ｇ７声明が過度な為替変動をけん制し、「緊密に協議し、適切に協力する」と明記した意義は大きい。
Japan should demonstrate its resolve to prevent the dollar from plunging and the yen from rising too sharply, by taking such actions as concerted market intervention with the United States and European countries.
ドル急落と超円高の阻止へ、日本は米欧との協調介入も含め、断固たる姿勢で臨むべきだ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Aug. 9, 2011)
（2011年8月9日01時14分 読売新聞）
Coordinated action on financial markets crucial
Ｇ７緊急声明 問われる具体的な協調行動（8月9日付・読売社説）
Japan, the United States and European countries have made clear their determination to cooperate to avert turmoil in the financial markets resulting from the recent downgrading of the U.S. credit rating.
日米欧が連携して、米国債の格下げによる金融市場の混乱を回避する決意を明確にした。
Yet the effect has so far been limited and has failed to eliminate unease in the markets. The question now is what concrete policy coordination is needed.
しかし、その効果は限定的で、市場の不安感は払拭できていない。より具体的な政策協調が問われよう。
Finance ministers and central bank governors from the Group of Seven leading economies held an emergency telephone conference Monday morning (Japan time) and adopted a joint statement.
日米欧の先進７か国財務相・中央銀行総裁会議（Ｇ７）は８日朝、緊急に電話で協議し、共同声明を採択した。
They held the conference right before the opening of Asian financial markets, indicating their sense of crisis and intention to forestall unrest in the markets.
東京やアジア市場が開く直前に会議を開いたのは、市場の動揺を警戒し、先手を打ちたいＧ７の危機感の表れだ。
It also said, "We are committed to taking coordinated action where needed," making clear their stance of supporting the markets by supplying ample funds.
共同声明は、「金融安定化と成長を支えるためにあらゆる手段を講じる」と表明した。
The statement said, "We are committed to taking necessary measures to support financial stability and economic growth."
さらに「必要な場合は協調行動を取る」とし、資金供給によって市場を下支えする姿勢も明らかにした。
Late last week, Standard & Poor's cut the U.S. credit rating for the first time, as the credit ratings agency made a grim assessment of the outlook of U.S. fiscal reconstruction.
先週末、米格付け会社のスタンダード・アンド・プアーズ（Ｓ＆Ｐ）が、米国の財政再建の見通しを厳しく評価し、米国債の格付けを史上初めて引き下げた。
===
Market confidence shaken
The statement did not refer directly to this issue. But the markets' confidence in the U.S. currency has been shaken further, and the financial markets face a crucial juncture. Stock prices may fall worldwide, and the dollar-selling trend may accelerate.
声明は直接、この問題に言及しなかったが、ドルの信認が一段と揺らぎ、世界的な株安連鎖と、ドル売りが加速しかねない正念場を迎えている。
The statement praised the "decisive actions" of the United States and European countries in trying to reduce their fiscal deficits.
米国と欧州の財政赤字削減策に関し、声明は「断固たる行動を歓迎する」と指摘した。
The G-7 ministers urged the United States and European countries to steadily take actions to put their fiscal houses in order--actions that the markets would rate highly. The ministers may have been attempting to restore order to the markets.
市場が評価できるような着実な財政再建を米欧に促すことで、混乱の沈静化を狙ったのだろう。
On Monday, the 225-issue Nikkei Stock Average plunged 202.32 points from Friday's close on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. And on other Asian markets, stock prices declined.
８日の東京株式市場の株価は前週末比２０２円安と下落した。アジア市場でも株価が値下がりした。
On the currency market, the U.S. dollar was traded at around 78 yen.
為替市場では、１ドル＝７８円をはさんだ取引が続いた。
A free fall in stock prices and a surge in the yen's value have been averted, at least for now, but prospects remain murky.
ひとまず、株価の暴落や円急騰は回避できたが、先行きは不透明である。
The G-7 nations should consider that the markets are calling for additional concerted actions.
市場はＧ７の一段の行動を求めているとみるべきだ。
===
Focus on Italy, Spain
In Europe, the yields on government bonds of such deficit-ridden countries as Greece have been rising across the board.
欧州では、ギリシャなど財政赤字国の国債利回りが軒並み上昇している。
In particular, Italian and Spanish government bonds, whose creditworthiness is a source of spreading uncertainty, are coming under increasing scrutiny.
中でも、信用不安が広がっているイタリアとスペインが市場の焦点になりつつある。
In tandem with the issuance of the G-7 statement, the European Central Bank promptly decided to buy Italian and Spanish government bonds. We think this is proper.
Ｇ７声明と連動する形で、欧州中央銀行（ＥＣＢ）がさっそく、両国の国債を買い入れる方針を決めた点は評価できる。
We hope the ECB will work more closely with France and Germany and they all will do their utmost to contain the crisis.
ＥＣＢは仏独と連携を強め、危機の封じ込めに全力を挙げてほしい。
Japan, for its part, needs to make efforts to prevent the yen from soaring again to the level of 76 yen to the dollar. 日本としては、円相場が再び、１ドル＝７６円台に急騰する事態を防がねばならない。
The effect of the yen-selling market intervention, which Japan implemented unilaterally on Thursday, has already weakened.
日本が４日に単独で実施した円売り介入の効果が早くも薄れている。
It is significant that the G-7 statement said, "We will consult closely in regard to actions in exchange markets and will cooperate as appropriate," in an effort to hold in check excess volatility in exchange rates.
Ｇ７声明が過度な為替変動をけん制し、「緊密に協議し、適切に協力する」と明記した意義は大きい。
Japan should demonstrate its resolve to prevent the dollar from plunging and the yen from rising too sharply, by taking such actions as concerted market intervention with the United States and European countries.
ドル急落と超円高の阻止へ、日本は米欧との協調介入も含め、断固たる姿勢で臨むべきだ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Aug. 9, 2011)
（2011年8月9日01時14分 読売新聞）
(Mainichi Japan) August 7, 2011
Kaleidoscope of the Heart: A lesson in occupational health
香山リカのココロの万華鏡：産業保健の講座受講 ／東京
There is a field of medicine called occupational health, which involves protecting the health of people working in companies and organizations.
医学の中に、企業や組織などで働く人たちの健康を守る産業保健という分野がある。
Recently I made up my mind to take part in a one-week intensive summer course at the University of Occupational and Environmental Health.
一念発起して、産業医大で行われている１週間の夏季集中講座に参加した。
The program included statistics, ergonomics and training involving electrocardiograms and other issues that I'm not too good with, so I felt relieved when the topic of mental health came up.
統計学や人間工学、心電図など苦手な分野の講習が続く中、唯一ほっとできるのはメンタルヘルス系の科目だ。
Saying I'm relieved with talk about depression may sound strange, but being a psychiatrist, I guess that's where I fit in.
「うつ病の話にほっとする」などというのはおかしな表現だが、やっぱりこれが自分の居場所ということなのだろう。
In a lecture by Jun Nakamura of the university's Department of Psychiatry, one particular phrase that struck me was: "Psychiatric health in modern Japan is an economic issue."
産業医大精神科の中村純教授の講義で印象に残ったのは、「現代日本の精神保健は、経済問題」というフレーズだった。
In other words, the "emotional problems" that are in the spotlight in present-day Japan are intertwined with economic issues and changes in social structure at some point along the line.
つまり、いまの日本でクローズアップされている「心の問題」は、いずれもどこかに経済の問題や社会構造の変化が関係している、ということだ。
It's true that there is a lot of stress in companies today, with harsh personnel evaluations, a doctrine of competitiveness, and corporate restructuring that could happen any moment.
たしかに、会社に目をやると厳しい人事評価や競争主義、いつ宣告されるかわからないリストラ、などストレスがいっぱい。
At the same time, job hunting is also becoming tougher for students and some have no option but to become part-time job hoppers or NEETs -- those not in education, employment or training.
さらに学生の就職活動は過酷になるばかりで、その結果、仕事につけずにフリーターやニートにならざるをえない若者もいれば、
Others go from one temp job to another and end up losing both their work and their families.
派遣労働を転々として、最終的に仕事も家も失ってしまう人さえいる。
But since other people are busy looking out for number one, no one lends a helping hand.
そうなっても、誰もが自分のことで精いっぱいなので、助けの手もさしのべられない。
In other words, people in society today can't feel at ease whether they are in an organization or not.
つまり、いまの社会では人は組織にいてもいなくても、安心して暮らすことができない、ということだ。
Stress levels rise in an atmosphere of uneasiness and tension, and there is no doubt people who suffer from depression and other conditions as a result.
不安や緊張の中でストレスが高まり、うつ病などになる人も当然、増えるだろう。
However, no matter how much psychiatrists call for revision of the nation's economic structure, society will never change overnight.
とはいえ、精神科医がいくら「経済構造を見なおせ」などと声を上げても、すぐに社会が変わるわけではない。
Accordingly, there is no option but to handle the situation with preventive measures within the community and companies, and with treatment in consultation rooms.
そうであれば、まずは地域や企業では予防を、診察室では治療を、という地道な作戦しかない。
Professor Nakamura says that when someone in an organization takes leave due to depression or some other reason, he wants the person and those around that person to find significance in the event upon their return to work.
中村教授は、組織でうつ病などで休職した人が出た場合は、その復職にあたって本人もまわりも病気の経験に意義を見いだせるようにしてほしい、と語った。
In one cited example, when a worker succumbed to depression, the person's department looked back on its approach to work, and decreased overtime and provided more opportunities for communication.
たとえば、うつ病になる人が出たことで、その部署がこれまでの働き方を振り返り、残業を減らしたりコミュニケーションの機会を増やしたりした。
The person who had fallen ill also made an effort to increase family time.
本人も、家族とすごす時間を増やすように生活を工夫した。
If such an approach can be adopted, then it should be possible for the person to say, "It was good that I had depression."
もしそうできたら、まさに「うつ病になってよかった」ということになるはずだ。
I had secretly thought that if occupational health was really interesting, then I might change jobs, but what I learned from taking part in the course was that it was good I became a psychiatrist.
「産業保健があまりに面白かったらこっちに転職しようかな」とひそかに思っていた私だが、この講座で学んだことは「精神科医になってよかった」ということ。
I will now aim to become a doctor whose patients can think, "I got ill but there were some good things about that."
これからは患者さんに、「病気になったけれど、よかったこともあった」と思ってもらえるような医者を目指すことにしよう。
毎日新聞 2011年8月2日 地方版
Kaleidoscope of the Heart: A lesson in occupational health
香山リカのココロの万華鏡：産業保健の講座受講 ／東京
There is a field of medicine called occupational health, which involves protecting the health of people working in companies and organizations.
医学の中に、企業や組織などで働く人たちの健康を守る産業保健という分野がある。
Recently I made up my mind to take part in a one-week intensive summer course at the University of Occupational and Environmental Health.
一念発起して、産業医大で行われている１週間の夏季集中講座に参加した。
The program included statistics, ergonomics and training involving electrocardiograms and other issues that I'm not too good with, so I felt relieved when the topic of mental health came up.
統計学や人間工学、心電図など苦手な分野の講習が続く中、唯一ほっとできるのはメンタルヘルス系の科目だ。
Saying I'm relieved with talk about depression may sound strange, but being a psychiatrist, I guess that's where I fit in.
「うつ病の話にほっとする」などというのはおかしな表現だが、やっぱりこれが自分の居場所ということなのだろう。
In a lecture by Jun Nakamura of the university's Department of Psychiatry, one particular phrase that struck me was: "Psychiatric health in modern Japan is an economic issue."
産業医大精神科の中村純教授の講義で印象に残ったのは、「現代日本の精神保健は、経済問題」というフレーズだった。
In other words, the "emotional problems" that are in the spotlight in present-day Japan are intertwined with economic issues and changes in social structure at some point along the line.
つまり、いまの日本でクローズアップされている「心の問題」は、いずれもどこかに経済の問題や社会構造の変化が関係している、ということだ。
It's true that there is a lot of stress in companies today, with harsh personnel evaluations, a doctrine of competitiveness, and corporate restructuring that could happen any moment.
たしかに、会社に目をやると厳しい人事評価や競争主義、いつ宣告されるかわからないリストラ、などストレスがいっぱい。
At the same time, job hunting is also becoming tougher for students and some have no option but to become part-time job hoppers or NEETs -- those not in education, employment or training.
さらに学生の就職活動は過酷になるばかりで、その結果、仕事につけずにフリーターやニートにならざるをえない若者もいれば、
Others go from one temp job to another and end up losing both their work and their families.
派遣労働を転々として、最終的に仕事も家も失ってしまう人さえいる。
But since other people are busy looking out for number one, no one lends a helping hand.
そうなっても、誰もが自分のことで精いっぱいなので、助けの手もさしのべられない。
In other words, people in society today can't feel at ease whether they are in an organization or not.
つまり、いまの社会では人は組織にいてもいなくても、安心して暮らすことができない、ということだ。
Stress levels rise in an atmosphere of uneasiness and tension, and there is no doubt people who suffer from depression and other conditions as a result.
不安や緊張の中でストレスが高まり、うつ病などになる人も当然、増えるだろう。
However, no matter how much psychiatrists call for revision of the nation's economic structure, society will never change overnight.
とはいえ、精神科医がいくら「経済構造を見なおせ」などと声を上げても、すぐに社会が変わるわけではない。
Accordingly, there is no option but to handle the situation with preventive measures within the community and companies, and with treatment in consultation rooms.
そうであれば、まずは地域や企業では予防を、診察室では治療を、という地道な作戦しかない。
Professor Nakamura says that when someone in an organization takes leave due to depression or some other reason, he wants the person and those around that person to find significance in the event upon their return to work.
中村教授は、組織でうつ病などで休職した人が出た場合は、その復職にあたって本人もまわりも病気の経験に意義を見いだせるようにしてほしい、と語った。
In one cited example, when a worker succumbed to depression, the person's department looked back on its approach to work, and decreased overtime and provided more opportunities for communication.
たとえば、うつ病になる人が出たことで、その部署がこれまでの働き方を振り返り、残業を減らしたりコミュニケーションの機会を増やしたりした。
The person who had fallen ill also made an effort to increase family time.
本人も、家族とすごす時間を増やすように生活を工夫した。
If such an approach can be adopted, then it should be possible for the person to say, "It was good that I had depression."
もしそうできたら、まさに「うつ病になってよかった」ということになるはずだ。
I had secretly thought that if occupational health was really interesting, then I might change jobs, but what I learned from taking part in the course was that it was good I became a psychiatrist.
「産業保健があまりに面白かったらこっちに転職しようかな」とひそかに思っていた私だが、この講座で学んだことは「精神科医になってよかった」ということ。
I will now aim to become a doctor whose patients can think, "I got ill but there were some good things about that."
これからは患者さんに、「病気になったけれど、よかったこともあった」と思ってもらえるような医者を目指すことにしよう。
毎日新聞 2011年8月2日 地方版
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Aug. 8, 2011)
U.S. must rebuild finances to stem global market unrest
米国債格下げ 市場の動揺防ぐ財政再建策を（8月7日付・読売社説）
The credit rating of U.S. government bonds, once among the world's highest, has been downgraded for the first time in history.
世界で最上級だった米国債の格付けが、史上初めて引き下げられた。
In the aftermath of the downgrade, stock prices may plunge around the world from Monday, and the depreciation of the dollar could accelerate.
“格下げショック”を受け、週明け以降、世界同時株安や、ドル安に拍車がかかりかねない。
To stem the unrest in global financial markets, it is imperative for the United States to chart out a package of measures to steadily rebuild government finances.
市場の動揺を食い止めるには、米国の着実な財政再建策が不可欠である。
U.S. credit rating agency Standard & Poor's on Friday lowered the long-term U.S. credit rating by one level from the top-tier AAA rating to AA-plus.
米格付け会社のスタンダード・アンド・プアーズ（Ｓ＆Ｐ）は５日、米国の長期国債格付けを最上級の「ＡＡＡ（トリプルＡ）」から、「ＡＡ（ダブルＡ）プラス」に１段階引き下げた。
As a reason for the downgrade, S&P said the accord reached between Congress and the administration of U.S. President Barack Obama "falls short of what, in our view, would be necessary to stabilize the government's medium-term debt dynamics."
Ｓ＆Ｐは国債格下げの理由として、「中期的な財政安定化が不十分」と指摘している。
Obama and the Democratic and Republican parties recently agreed on an increase in the government's statutory borrowing limit and a set of fiscal consolidation measures.
In the wake of that agreement, the Budget Control Act of 2011 was enacted Tuesday, centering on a goal of reducing the federal deficit by 2.4 trillion dollars over 10 years.
オバマ大統領と与野党は、政府の借金枠である債務上限の引き上げと財政再建で合意し、１０年間で２・４兆ドルの赤字削減を柱にした予算管理法が２日に成立した。
===
Deficit cut not sufficient
However, there is still a gulf in views about specific steps to reduce government debt, and the deficit cut agreed upon on Tuesday is substantially smaller than Obama's initial plan to reduce government debt by 3 trillion dollars to 4 trillion dollars.
しかし、具体的な赤字削減策を巡る主張の隔たりは大きく、削減幅も大統領の当初案だった３兆～４兆ドルに比べて小さい。
S&P is believed to have decided on the downgrade in light of these circumstances.
Ｓ＆Ｐはこうした状況を評価し、格下げを決めたと言えよう。
The U.S. government has criticized S&P's reduction in the credit rating, but what is seriously being questioned now is the effectiveness of the Budget Control Act.
米国政府は格下げに反論したが、予算管理法の実効性が厳しく問われている。
The president and the political parties should accelerate their discussions on a range of issues, including spending cuts and tax increases, to hammer out reliable measures that will gain markets' confidence.
大統領と与野党は歳出カットと増税を含めた協議を加速し、市場の信認を得られるような財政再建の方策を打ち出すべきだ。
Meanwhile, we cannot help but feel anxious over the adverse impact the downgrade of the U.S. credit rating could have on the world's financial markets.
一方、今回の格下げが、世界の金融市場に与える悪影響を懸念せざるを得ない。
Reflecting the slowdown in the U.S. and European economies, the Dow Jones industrial average plummeted more than 500 points Thursday, and the index fluctuated erratically the following day.
米欧経済の減速をきっかけに、ニューヨーク株式市場の平均株価は４日、５００ドル超も急落し、５日も乱高下した。
Stock prices declined across the board in European, Japanese and other Asian markets.
欧州や日本などアジア市場でも、軒並み、株価が全面安となった。
On the foreign exchange front, the hyper-appreciation of the yen slowed somewhat because of the yen-selling intervention by the government and the Bank of Japan. However, pressure has resurged to weaken the dollar against the Japanese currency.
外国為替市場では、政府・日銀の円売り介入で超円高にいったんブレーキがかかったが、再び、ドル安圧力が強まっている。
If the trustworthiness of the dollar erodes further following the cut in the U.S. credit rating, the credit markets of the world would unavoidably be thrown into confusion.
国債格下げでドルに対する信認がさらに揺らぐと、債券市場を含めた混乱は避けられまい。
===
Fed moves crucial
Japan is the world's second-largest holder, next to China, of U.S. government bonds.
日本は中国に次ぐ世界２位の米国債の保有国だ。
Due attention should be paid to what repercussions there would be from declines in U.S. government bond prices.
国債下落の影響にも注意する必要がある。
Attention is being focused at present on whether the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, in a meeting scheduled for Tuesday, will opt for additional quantitative monetary easing to stimulate the economy.
当面の焦点は、米連邦準備制度理事会（ＦＲＢ）が９日開く会合で、景気てこ入れのため、追加緩和策に踏み切るかどうかだ。
Given that the U.S. government, shackled by huge fiscal deficits, has found it hard to adopt any measures to stimulate business activity, expectations have been rising for the Fed to adopt fresh monetary easing.
財政赤字を抱えた政府は景気刺激策に動きにくく、ＦＲＢに期待する声は強い。
Additional monetary easing by the U.S. central bank could lead to further acceleration of the yen's appreciation and the dollar's depreciation, something very damaging to this country.
ただ、追加緩和策は円高ドル安を誘導し、日本には厳しい展開も予想される。
The world economy has been expanding since the global financial crisis was brought to an end thanks to unity among major economies.
世界経済は、主要国の結束で金融危機を克服した後、景気拡大を続けてきた。
A new round of coordinated efforts among major economies is needed to prevent another financial crisis.
危機の再燃を防ぐ連携が改めて求められよう。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Aug. 7, 2011)
（2011年8月7日01時17分 読売新聞）
U.S. must rebuild finances to stem global market unrest
米国債格下げ 市場の動揺防ぐ財政再建策を（8月7日付・読売社説）
The credit rating of U.S. government bonds, once among the world's highest, has been downgraded for the first time in history.
世界で最上級だった米国債の格付けが、史上初めて引き下げられた。
In the aftermath of the downgrade, stock prices may plunge around the world from Monday, and the depreciation of the dollar could accelerate.
“格下げショック”を受け、週明け以降、世界同時株安や、ドル安に拍車がかかりかねない。
To stem the unrest in global financial markets, it is imperative for the United States to chart out a package of measures to steadily rebuild government finances.
市場の動揺を食い止めるには、米国の着実な財政再建策が不可欠である。
U.S. credit rating agency Standard & Poor's on Friday lowered the long-term U.S. credit rating by one level from the top-tier AAA rating to AA-plus.
米格付け会社のスタンダード・アンド・プアーズ（Ｓ＆Ｐ）は５日、米国の長期国債格付けを最上級の「ＡＡＡ（トリプルＡ）」から、「ＡＡ（ダブルＡ）プラス」に１段階引き下げた。
As a reason for the downgrade, S&P said the accord reached between Congress and the administration of U.S. President Barack Obama "falls short of what, in our view, would be necessary to stabilize the government's medium-term debt dynamics."
Ｓ＆Ｐは国債格下げの理由として、「中期的な財政安定化が不十分」と指摘している。
Obama and the Democratic and Republican parties recently agreed on an increase in the government's statutory borrowing limit and a set of fiscal consolidation measures.
In the wake of that agreement, the Budget Control Act of 2011 was enacted Tuesday, centering on a goal of reducing the federal deficit by 2.4 trillion dollars over 10 years.
オバマ大統領と与野党は、政府の借金枠である債務上限の引き上げと財政再建で合意し、１０年間で２・４兆ドルの赤字削減を柱にした予算管理法が２日に成立した。
===
Deficit cut not sufficient
However, there is still a gulf in views about specific steps to reduce government debt, and the deficit cut agreed upon on Tuesday is substantially smaller than Obama's initial plan to reduce government debt by 3 trillion dollars to 4 trillion dollars.
しかし、具体的な赤字削減策を巡る主張の隔たりは大きく、削減幅も大統領の当初案だった３兆～４兆ドルに比べて小さい。
S&P is believed to have decided on the downgrade in light of these circumstances.
Ｓ＆Ｐはこうした状況を評価し、格下げを決めたと言えよう。
The U.S. government has criticized S&P's reduction in the credit rating, but what is seriously being questioned now is the effectiveness of the Budget Control Act.
米国政府は格下げに反論したが、予算管理法の実効性が厳しく問われている。
The president and the political parties should accelerate their discussions on a range of issues, including spending cuts and tax increases, to hammer out reliable measures that will gain markets' confidence.
大統領と与野党は歳出カットと増税を含めた協議を加速し、市場の信認を得られるような財政再建の方策を打ち出すべきだ。
Meanwhile, we cannot help but feel anxious over the adverse impact the downgrade of the U.S. credit rating could have on the world's financial markets.
一方、今回の格下げが、世界の金融市場に与える悪影響を懸念せざるを得ない。
Reflecting the slowdown in the U.S. and European economies, the Dow Jones industrial average plummeted more than 500 points Thursday, and the index fluctuated erratically the following day.
米欧経済の減速をきっかけに、ニューヨーク株式市場の平均株価は４日、５００ドル超も急落し、５日も乱高下した。
Stock prices declined across the board in European, Japanese and other Asian markets.
欧州や日本などアジア市場でも、軒並み、株価が全面安となった。
On the foreign exchange front, the hyper-appreciation of the yen slowed somewhat because of the yen-selling intervention by the government and the Bank of Japan. However, pressure has resurged to weaken the dollar against the Japanese currency.
外国為替市場では、政府・日銀の円売り介入で超円高にいったんブレーキがかかったが、再び、ドル安圧力が強まっている。
If the trustworthiness of the dollar erodes further following the cut in the U.S. credit rating, the credit markets of the world would unavoidably be thrown into confusion.
国債格下げでドルに対する信認がさらに揺らぐと、債券市場を含めた混乱は避けられまい。
===
Fed moves crucial
Japan is the world's second-largest holder, next to China, of U.S. government bonds.
日本は中国に次ぐ世界２位の米国債の保有国だ。
Due attention should be paid to what repercussions there would be from declines in U.S. government bond prices.
国債下落の影響にも注意する必要がある。
Attention is being focused at present on whether the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, in a meeting scheduled for Tuesday, will opt for additional quantitative monetary easing to stimulate the economy.
当面の焦点は、米連邦準備制度理事会（ＦＲＢ）が９日開く会合で、景気てこ入れのため、追加緩和策に踏み切るかどうかだ。
Given that the U.S. government, shackled by huge fiscal deficits, has found it hard to adopt any measures to stimulate business activity, expectations have been rising for the Fed to adopt fresh monetary easing.
財政赤字を抱えた政府は景気刺激策に動きにくく、ＦＲＢに期待する声は強い。
Additional monetary easing by the U.S. central bank could lead to further acceleration of the yen's appreciation and the dollar's depreciation, something very damaging to this country.
ただ、追加緩和策は円高ドル安を誘導し、日本には厳しい展開も予想される。
The world economy has been expanding since the global financial crisis was brought to an end thanks to unity among major economies.
世界経済は、主要国の結束で金融危機を克服した後、景気拡大を続けてきた。
A new round of coordinated efforts among major economies is needed to prevent another financial crisis.
危機の再燃を防ぐ連携が改めて求められよう。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Aug. 7, 2011)
（2011年8月7日01時17分 読売新聞）
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Aug. 7, 2011)
Govt must ensure progress on N-disaster compensation
原発賠償指針 被害救済を着実に前進させよ（8月6日付・読売社説）
The government has worked out a set of interim guidelines stipulating the range of compensation for damage caused by Tokyo Electric Power Co.'s Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant.
東京電力福島第一原子力発電所の事故被害に対する賠償の範囲や対象を定めた「中間指針」がまとまった。
This is a step toward full-fledged compensation for the nuclear crisis.
本格的な賠償に向けて前進したことになる。
The nuclear accident has caused thousands of people to evacuate or close their businesses, so the economic cost of the disaster will be colossal.
原発事故で大勢の人が避難や休業を余儀なくされ、経済的な被害は甚大だ。
The government and TEPCO must steadily implement the relief measures called for by the guidelines.
政府と東電は、被害救済を着実に実現していかなければならない。
The government's Dispute Reconciliation Committee for Nuclear Damage Compensation compiled a second set of guidelines in late May.
政府の原子力損害賠償紛争審査会は、５月末の２次指針で、
These guidelines suggested requiring TEPCO to pay compensation for, among other things, evacuation costs, the mental trauma suffered by affected people and damage to farmers caused by radiation scares.
The latest interim guidelines have expanded the scope of compensation to include damage caused to tourism companies by cancellations by foreign travelers, and losses resulting from foreign countries' restrictions on Japanese imports. （この部分の英訳、日本語と細かな部分で異なる）
避難費用や精神的な苦痛、農産品の風評被害などへの賠償を認める方針を示していた。
中間指針では、対象の範囲をさらに広げた。
例えば、外国人観光客のキャンセルによる観光業者の損害や、海外の輸入規制に起因する損害などを追加した。
===
New guidelines reasonable
The interim guidelines call for compensation payments to cattle farmers in 17 prefectures for financial losses caused by halted beef shipments and consumer fears that were stirred up when beef from cattle fed rice straw contaminated with radioactive cesium was shipped.
放射性セシウムによる牛肉汚染では、出荷停止に伴う損害や、汚染されたエサ用の稲わらが流通した１７道県の風評被害も認めた。
We think providing compensation for a broad range of nuclear crisis-linked damage is fair.
幅広い被害に対する賠償を認定したのは妥当といえる。
The range of people entitled to receive compensation has been substantially expanded compared with provisional payments made so far.
カバーする範囲が広い分、これまでの仮払いより、
The compensation costs will skyrocket, and getting the cash into people's pockets will require more manpower.
手間も費用もけた違いとなりそうだ。
In addition, the guidelines could be reviewed at some point and the range of redress coverage expanded again.
中間指針の見直しで、賠償対象がさらに拡大する可能性もある。
TEPCO estimates compensation claims, including those in connection with nuclear scares, will number 400,000 to 500,000.
東電は、風評被害も含めた賠償請求は４０万～５０万件にのぼると見込んでいる。
The utility's department in charge of compensation payments will be increased to more than 5,000 personnel from 1,000 now, and will start handling claims in September.
賠償の担当部門を現在の１０００人体制から５０００人以上に増やし、９月から被害者の請求に対応するという。
TEPCO will determine payout amounts by examining whether individual claims meet criteria spelled out in the guidelines.
東電は、賠償を求められた被害が、中間指針の対象にあたるかどうかを点検し、支払額などを決める。
There likely will be times when the utility has to make tough decisions about whether some people are eligible to receive compensation, and how much they should get.
具体的な線引きや算定で、難しい判断を迫られるだろう。
===
Establish support body quickly
Many people are hoping to receive financial relief as quickly as possible.
一刻も早い救済を願う被害者は多い。
Negotiations between TEPCO and disaster victims could become very emotional.
感情的なやりとりになるケースもあるだろう。
Above all else, the compensation procedure must proceed without a hitch.
肝心なのは混乱なく賠償手続きを進めることだ。
For this purpose, the compensation system should be strengthened as the need arises.
必要に応じて体制強化を図ってもらいたい。
Disaster sufferers dissatisfied with TEPCO-proposed payments can seek arbitration through the dispute reconciliation committee.
東電が提示した賠償額に納得できない被害者は、紛争審査会に和解の仲介を求めることができる。
Indications are that many of these cases may not reach an agreeable solution, so they will end up in the courts.
それでも折り合わず、最終的に裁判など司法の場での決着をめざす案件も相当数にのぼりそうだ。
We hope the courts and other parties in the judiciary will prepare to quickly and efficiently settle compensation-related disputes.
裁判所をはじめ法曹界も、紛争処理を円滑に進めるための準備を怠らないでほしい。
TEPCO is short of cash as the costs of stabilizing the crippled reactors and buying fuel for thermal power generation rise.
東電は事故収束や火力発電などの増加で出費がかさみ、資金繰りが厳しい。
It is imperative that the government financially supports TEPCO to keep the compensation process on track.
賠償を軌道に乗せるには、政府の援助が欠かせない。
A law creating a new government-backed organization tasked with securing funds to help TEPCO pay compensation has recently been enacted.
すでに東電の損害賠償を公的に支援する「原子力損害賠償支援機構法」などが成立した。
The government must quickly craft a compensation payment support framework by setting up the envisioned organization and securing the money needed to keep it functioning.
政府は、遅滞なく機構設立や予算の確保を進め、賠償支援の体制固めを急ぐべきだ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Aug. 6, 2011)
（2011年8月6日01時16分 読売新聞）
Govt must ensure progress on N-disaster compensation
原発賠償指針 被害救済を着実に前進させよ（8月6日付・読売社説）
The government has worked out a set of interim guidelines stipulating the range of compensation for damage caused by Tokyo Electric Power Co.'s Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant.
東京電力福島第一原子力発電所の事故被害に対する賠償の範囲や対象を定めた「中間指針」がまとまった。
This is a step toward full-fledged compensation for the nuclear crisis.
本格的な賠償に向けて前進したことになる。
The nuclear accident has caused thousands of people to evacuate or close their businesses, so the economic cost of the disaster will be colossal.
原発事故で大勢の人が避難や休業を余儀なくされ、経済的な被害は甚大だ。
The government and TEPCO must steadily implement the relief measures called for by the guidelines.
政府と東電は、被害救済を着実に実現していかなければならない。
The government's Dispute Reconciliation Committee for Nuclear Damage Compensation compiled a second set of guidelines in late May.
政府の原子力損害賠償紛争審査会は、５月末の２次指針で、
These guidelines suggested requiring TEPCO to pay compensation for, among other things, evacuation costs, the mental trauma suffered by affected people and damage to farmers caused by radiation scares.
The latest interim guidelines have expanded the scope of compensation to include damage caused to tourism companies by cancellations by foreign travelers, and losses resulting from foreign countries' restrictions on Japanese imports. （この部分の英訳、日本語と細かな部分で異なる）
避難費用や精神的な苦痛、農産品の風評被害などへの賠償を認める方針を示していた。
中間指針では、対象の範囲をさらに広げた。
例えば、外国人観光客のキャンセルによる観光業者の損害や、海外の輸入規制に起因する損害などを追加した。
===
New guidelines reasonable
The interim guidelines call for compensation payments to cattle farmers in 17 prefectures for financial losses caused by halted beef shipments and consumer fears that were stirred up when beef from cattle fed rice straw contaminated with radioactive cesium was shipped.
放射性セシウムによる牛肉汚染では、出荷停止に伴う損害や、汚染されたエサ用の稲わらが流通した１７道県の風評被害も認めた。
We think providing compensation for a broad range of nuclear crisis-linked damage is fair.
幅広い被害に対する賠償を認定したのは妥当といえる。
The range of people entitled to receive compensation has been substantially expanded compared with provisional payments made so far.
カバーする範囲が広い分、これまでの仮払いより、
The compensation costs will skyrocket, and getting the cash into people's pockets will require more manpower.
手間も費用もけた違いとなりそうだ。
In addition, the guidelines could be reviewed at some point and the range of redress coverage expanded again.
中間指針の見直しで、賠償対象がさらに拡大する可能性もある。
TEPCO estimates compensation claims, including those in connection with nuclear scares, will number 400,000 to 500,000.
東電は、風評被害も含めた賠償請求は４０万～５０万件にのぼると見込んでいる。
The utility's department in charge of compensation payments will be increased to more than 5,000 personnel from 1,000 now, and will start handling claims in September.
賠償の担当部門を現在の１０００人体制から５０００人以上に増やし、９月から被害者の請求に対応するという。
TEPCO will determine payout amounts by examining whether individual claims meet criteria spelled out in the guidelines.
東電は、賠償を求められた被害が、中間指針の対象にあたるかどうかを点検し、支払額などを決める。
There likely will be times when the utility has to make tough decisions about whether some people are eligible to receive compensation, and how much they should get.
具体的な線引きや算定で、難しい判断を迫られるだろう。
===
Establish support body quickly
Many people are hoping to receive financial relief as quickly as possible.
一刻も早い救済を願う被害者は多い。
Negotiations between TEPCO and disaster victims could become very emotional.
感情的なやりとりになるケースもあるだろう。
Above all else, the compensation procedure must proceed without a hitch.
肝心なのは混乱なく賠償手続きを進めることだ。
For this purpose, the compensation system should be strengthened as the need arises.
必要に応じて体制強化を図ってもらいたい。
Disaster sufferers dissatisfied with TEPCO-proposed payments can seek arbitration through the dispute reconciliation committee.
東電が提示した賠償額に納得できない被害者は、紛争審査会に和解の仲介を求めることができる。
Indications are that many of these cases may not reach an agreeable solution, so they will end up in the courts.
それでも折り合わず、最終的に裁判など司法の場での決着をめざす案件も相当数にのぼりそうだ。
We hope the courts and other parties in the judiciary will prepare to quickly and efficiently settle compensation-related disputes.
裁判所をはじめ法曹界も、紛争処理を円滑に進めるための準備を怠らないでほしい。
TEPCO is short of cash as the costs of stabilizing the crippled reactors and buying fuel for thermal power generation rise.
東電は事故収束や火力発電などの増加で出費がかさみ、資金繰りが厳しい。
It is imperative that the government financially supports TEPCO to keep the compensation process on track.
賠償を軌道に乗せるには、政府の援助が欠かせない。
A law creating a new government-backed organization tasked with securing funds to help TEPCO pay compensation has recently been enacted.
すでに東電の損害賠償を公的に支援する「原子力損害賠償支援機構法」などが成立した。
The government must quickly craft a compensation payment support framework by setting up the envisioned organization and securing the money needed to keep it functioning.
政府は、遅滞なく機構設立や予算の確保を進め、賠償支援の体制固めを急ぐべきだ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Aug. 6, 2011)
（2011年8月6日01時16分 読売新聞）
(Mainichi Japan) August 6, 2011
Lessons learned from A-bombing should be applied to welfare of Fukushima residents
社説：原爆の日 経験を原発にも生かせ
Aug. 6 marks the 66th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in 1945.
原爆が投下されて６日で６６年。
We commemorate the anniversary under different circumstances than usual this summer -- amid the crisis at the Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear Power Plant crippled by the March 11 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami.
今年の夏は、いつもと様相が異なっている。３月１１日に発生した東日本大震災は東京電力福島第１原発事故を引き起こした。
Scenes of many areas in the Tohoku region devastated by the triple disaster have reminded many hibakusha, or survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings, of their own cities when they were reduced to ashes by the blasts and intense heat.
地震と津波で壊滅した東北の町並みと、放射性物質による汚染によって住民が避難を余儀なくされた福島を、爆風と熱線によって廃虚と化した故郷と重ね合わせた広島と長崎の被爆者は少なくない。
On top of this, we are now facing the hazards involved in the use of nuclear energy, and the peace declarations that Hiroshima Mayor Kazumi Matsui read during the Aug. 6 anniversary ceremony and Nagasaki Mayor Tomihisa Taue will read on Aug. 9 mention the Fukushima nuclear crisis.
私たちは原子力の利用がはらむ危うさと今、向き合っている。
今年の平和記念式典で読み上げられる「平和宣言」は原発事故を反映したものになる。
The Hiroshima Municipal Government is urging the national government to review its overall energy policy at an early date.
広島市は初めてエネルギー政策の早急な見直しと具体策を政府に求める。
In his peace declaration Matsui quoted the late Ichiro Moritaki, former chairman of the Japan Congress against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs stated, who said, "Nuclear energy and humankind cannot coexist."
引用するのは、核の軍事、平和利用双方に反対を唱えた被爆者で、原水爆禁止日本国民会議（原水禁）議長などを務めた故森滝市郎氏の「核と人類は共存できない」との言葉だ。
The Nagasaki Municipal Government will not mention "elimination of nuclear power plants" but clearly call for a decrease in Japan's reliance on nuclear power stations in the future.
長崎市は、「脱原発」の言葉こそ使わないが、原発からの将来的な脱却を明確に打ち出す。
The Fukushima nuclear crisis has also had some influence on the policies of hibakusha organizations and anti-nuclear groups.
被爆者・反核団体にも変化が見える。
The Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations has decided to incorporate calls for the gradual shutdown and dismantling of nuclear reactors in its platform -- a first in its 55-year history.
被爆者の全国組織「日本原水爆被害者団体協議会」は１９５６年の結成以来初めて全原発の順次停止・廃炉を求める「脱原発」を運動方針に掲げることを決めた。
With A-bombing survivors' suffering from the after-effects of radiation exposure fully in mind, the confederation has also submitted a petition to the central government urging that residents of areas near the Fukushima nuclear plant as well as workers undergo regular health checks.
放射線被害に苦しんできた経験を踏まえ、原発の周辺住民や作業員に「健康管理手帳」を交付し、定期的な健康診断を実施するよう求める要望書を政府などに提出した。
The Japan Congress against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs recently held an international convention in Fukushima for the first time and appealed for the elimination of nuclear power stations.
原水禁も、原発事故を受けて初めて福島で世界大会を開催し、「脱原発」を訴えた。
However, there are differences between hibakusha and anti-nuclear organizations over the pros and cons of calling for the elimination of nuclear power plants.
運動は一枚岩ではない。
There are some organizations and activists who argue that the peace movement and nuclear power plants are separate issues.
「平和運動と日本のエネルギー政策にからむ原発の是非は分けて考えるべきだ」という主張があるのも事実だ。
True, there are big differences between destructive atomic bombs, which release huge amounts of radiation in a moment, and nuclear plant accidents, in which radioactive substances that emit low levels of radiation spread and affect extensive areas.
すさまじい破壊力で一瞬にして大量の放射線を放出した原爆と、低線量の放射性物質の影響が広範囲で続く原発事故の違いは大きい。
Still, they are the same in that people are worried about radiation exposure over the long term.
だが、人々が放射線被ばくによる不安に長年苦しめられる点は共通する。
The lack of knowledge about the effects of being exposed to low doses of radiation has caused widespread fears among residents around the Fukushima plant.
原発事故の場合、低線量被ばくの影響に未解明の部分があることが不安を大きくしている。
While keeping in mind the differences between atomic bombing and nuclear plant accidents, specialized knowledge collected by Radiation Effects Research Foundation -- which has conducted research on the effects of radiation on hibakusha -- as well as lessons learned from the Chernobyl nuclear crisis should be fully utilized for the health management of residents near the Fukushima plant.
原爆との違いも考慮したうえで、広島と長崎の被爆者を対象に放射線の影響を調査している放射線影響研究所など、専門研究機関が蓄積してきた専門知識やチェルノブイリ事故の経験を住民の健康管理に積極的に活用したい。
For many years, nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants have been regarded as completely separate matters. 核兵器と原発はこれまで切り離して考えられてきた。
Furthermore, the safety myth of atomic energy had taken root in society in recent years.
近年は原子力に対する「安全神話」も浸透していた。
However, the Fukushima nuclear crisis has reminded the public of the risks involved with nuclear power stations. しかし、福島の事故は原発の危険性に改めて目を向けさせた。
It is our mission to step up efforts to dispatch messages to the world calling for nuclear disarmament while fully utilizing our experiences as the only atomic-bombed country to ensure the safety of nuclear power stations.
唯一の被爆国としての経験を原発対策にも生かしながら、従来にも増して核廃絶のメッセージを発信し続けるのが私たちの責務である。
毎日新聞 2011年8月6日 2時32分
Lessons learned from A-bombing should be applied to welfare of Fukushima residents
社説：原爆の日 経験を原発にも生かせ
Aug. 6 marks the 66th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in 1945.
原爆が投下されて６日で６６年。
We commemorate the anniversary under different circumstances than usual this summer -- amid the crisis at the Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear Power Plant crippled by the March 11 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami.
今年の夏は、いつもと様相が異なっている。３月１１日に発生した東日本大震災は東京電力福島第１原発事故を引き起こした。
Scenes of many areas in the Tohoku region devastated by the triple disaster have reminded many hibakusha, or survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings, of their own cities when they were reduced to ashes by the blasts and intense heat.
地震と津波で壊滅した東北の町並みと、放射性物質による汚染によって住民が避難を余儀なくされた福島を、爆風と熱線によって廃虚と化した故郷と重ね合わせた広島と長崎の被爆者は少なくない。
On top of this, we are now facing the hazards involved in the use of nuclear energy, and the peace declarations that Hiroshima Mayor Kazumi Matsui read during the Aug. 6 anniversary ceremony and Nagasaki Mayor Tomihisa Taue will read on Aug. 9 mention the Fukushima nuclear crisis.
私たちは原子力の利用がはらむ危うさと今、向き合っている。
今年の平和記念式典で読み上げられる「平和宣言」は原発事故を反映したものになる。
The Hiroshima Municipal Government is urging the national government to review its overall energy policy at an early date.
広島市は初めてエネルギー政策の早急な見直しと具体策を政府に求める。
In his peace declaration Matsui quoted the late Ichiro Moritaki, former chairman of the Japan Congress against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs stated, who said, "Nuclear energy and humankind cannot coexist."
引用するのは、核の軍事、平和利用双方に反対を唱えた被爆者で、原水爆禁止日本国民会議（原水禁）議長などを務めた故森滝市郎氏の「核と人類は共存できない」との言葉だ。
The Nagasaki Municipal Government will not mention "elimination of nuclear power plants" but clearly call for a decrease in Japan's reliance on nuclear power stations in the future.
長崎市は、「脱原発」の言葉こそ使わないが、原発からの将来的な脱却を明確に打ち出す。
The Fukushima nuclear crisis has also had some influence on the policies of hibakusha organizations and anti-nuclear groups.
被爆者・反核団体にも変化が見える。
The Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations has decided to incorporate calls for the gradual shutdown and dismantling of nuclear reactors in its platform -- a first in its 55-year history.
被爆者の全国組織「日本原水爆被害者団体協議会」は１９５６年の結成以来初めて全原発の順次停止・廃炉を求める「脱原発」を運動方針に掲げることを決めた。
With A-bombing survivors' suffering from the after-effects of radiation exposure fully in mind, the confederation has also submitted a petition to the central government urging that residents of areas near the Fukushima nuclear plant as well as workers undergo regular health checks.
放射線被害に苦しんできた経験を踏まえ、原発の周辺住民や作業員に「健康管理手帳」を交付し、定期的な健康診断を実施するよう求める要望書を政府などに提出した。
The Japan Congress against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs recently held an international convention in Fukushima for the first time and appealed for the elimination of nuclear power stations.
原水禁も、原発事故を受けて初めて福島で世界大会を開催し、「脱原発」を訴えた。
However, there are differences between hibakusha and anti-nuclear organizations over the pros and cons of calling for the elimination of nuclear power plants.
運動は一枚岩ではない。
There are some organizations and activists who argue that the peace movement and nuclear power plants are separate issues.
「平和運動と日本のエネルギー政策にからむ原発の是非は分けて考えるべきだ」という主張があるのも事実だ。
True, there are big differences between destructive atomic bombs, which release huge amounts of radiation in a moment, and nuclear plant accidents, in which radioactive substances that emit low levels of radiation spread and affect extensive areas.
すさまじい破壊力で一瞬にして大量の放射線を放出した原爆と、低線量の放射性物質の影響が広範囲で続く原発事故の違いは大きい。
Still, they are the same in that people are worried about radiation exposure over the long term.
だが、人々が放射線被ばくによる不安に長年苦しめられる点は共通する。
The lack of knowledge about the effects of being exposed to low doses of radiation has caused widespread fears among residents around the Fukushima plant.
原発事故の場合、低線量被ばくの影響に未解明の部分があることが不安を大きくしている。
While keeping in mind the differences between atomic bombing and nuclear plant accidents, specialized knowledge collected by Radiation Effects Research Foundation -- which has conducted research on the effects of radiation on hibakusha -- as well as lessons learned from the Chernobyl nuclear crisis should be fully utilized for the health management of residents near the Fukushima plant.
原爆との違いも考慮したうえで、広島と長崎の被爆者を対象に放射線の影響を調査している放射線影響研究所など、専門研究機関が蓄積してきた専門知識やチェルノブイリ事故の経験を住民の健康管理に積極的に活用したい。
For many years, nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants have been regarded as completely separate matters. 核兵器と原発はこれまで切り離して考えられてきた。
Furthermore, the safety myth of atomic energy had taken root in society in recent years.
近年は原子力に対する「安全神話」も浸透していた。
However, the Fukushima nuclear crisis has reminded the public of the risks involved with nuclear power stations. しかし、福島の事故は原発の危険性に改めて目を向けさせた。
It is our mission to step up efforts to dispatch messages to the world calling for nuclear disarmament while fully utilizing our experiences as the only atomic-bombed country to ensure the safety of nuclear power stations.
唯一の被爆国としての経験を原発対策にも生かしながら、従来にも増して核廃絶のメッセージを発信し続けるのが私たちの責務である。
毎日新聞 2011年8月6日 2時32分
(Mainichi Japan) August 4, 2011
Japan should free up electricity distribution network in reforms to power system
社説：電力体制改革 送電網開放で分散型へ
In Japan there were hardly any power cuts.
停電はめったにない。
The power voltage and frequency was stable, and people could use as much electricity as they wanted.
電圧や周波数も安定している。そして、使いたいだけ供給してくれる。
Then the Great East Japan Earthquake and ensuing nuclear crisis hit the nation.
しかし、東日本大震災によって状況は一変した。
In the wake of the disaster, nuclear power plants were brought to a stop one after another, and despite the full mobilization of thermal power stations, requests to conserve power arose not only in eastern Japan, which suffered the brunt of the disaster, but also in western Japan.
安定的に電力を供給してきた原子力発電所が相次いで止まり、火力発電所を総動員しているものの、節電要請は被災した東日本だけでなく西日本へも広がっている。
To flexibly respond to this situation, and to reduce dependence on nuclear power plants and boost the supply of renewable energy such as solar and wind power, revision of Japan's power system is now needed.
原発への依存度を下げ、太陽光や風力などの再生可能エネルギーによる電力を増やしていくうえからも、それに柔軟に対応できるよう、電力体制の見直しが必要だ。
◇発送電分離が浮上
In the wake of the disaster, it has been suggested that the tasks of generating and distributing power in Japan -- now handled entirely by the nation's power companies -- should be split up.
その中で電力会社の発電と送電部門を分割する発送電分離論も浮上している。
The crisis at the Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear Power Plant has exposed various problems faced by the power companies, which hold monopolies over various regions.
地域独占の電力会社が抱えるさまざまな問題が、原発事故を機に露呈している。
The argument that drastic reform can only come about by splitting up power generation and distribution is understandable.
それを抜本的に改めるには、分離が必要だという主張は理解できる。
However, implementation of such changes is no easy task.
ただし、その実現にはかなり高いハードルがある。
It will not do any good to strap the nation to a lofty goal only to run aground.
大きな目標を掲げたものの、それにしばられ暗礁に乗り上げてしまったということになっても困る。
A realistic approach is needed.
より現実的な道も探る必要があるのではないか。
The reason the current power system has been maintained is that liberalization of the power market that began in the 1990s has not taken full force.
現在の電力体制が維持されたのは、９０年代に始まった電力市場の自由化が中途半端な形で終わった結果だ。
It is a different story with liberalization of the communications market, where new entries have progressed a great deal while NTT remains united under a holding company.
一方、通信市場の自由化では、ＮＴＴは持ち株会社の下で一体のまま、新規参入が大きく進んだ。
Surely a sensible idea would be to examine why liberalization of the power market has not progressed in the same way as liberalization in the communications market, and revise Japan's power system.
通信と違い電力の自由化が実質的に進展しなかった理由を検証し、電力体制の見直しを行うというのも、有力な選択肢ではないだろうか。
Of course, before any such reform takes place, the issue of ownership and operation of nuclear power plants must be settled.
もちろん、原発の所有と運営の問題を解決することが前提となる。
Clearly a power company cannot handle the risks of a nuclear accident by itself.
原発事故のリスクを、電力会社が単独で背負うことができないのは明らかだ。
It has been suggested that power plants be made separate and the government take control of them in the form of a public corporation, for example.
原発を分離して公社などの形で国が責任を持つという案もある。
This issue must quickly be resolved.
この問題について、早急に結論を出す必要がある。
Liberalization of the power market has led to the formation of a power producer and supplier system under which newly generated power -- such as the surplus from home solar systems -- can be sold through a power company's distribution network. (この部分英訳抜け多し＾＾）
電力会社が原発にますます傾斜するようになった背景には、電力、ガス、石油といったエネルギー産業間での競争がある。この競争に勝ち抜くため、原子力は低コストで電力を供給できるとＰＲしてきた。
その一方で、電力自由化により、自ら発電した電力を電力会社の送電網を使って小売りする特定規模電気事業者（ＰＰＳ）などの制度が設けられた。
But due to various limitations, the share held by power providers under this system remains low.
しかし、さまざまな制約からシェアは低いままにとどまっている。
Furthermore, power companies have been reluctant to introduce solar and wind power generation on the grounds that it is costly to produce and could result in a lower quality of electricity.
また、太陽光や風力による発電もコストが高いうえ電力の質を落としかねないとして、電力会社は導入に腰が引けていた。
The way power is used depends on the economic entity involved, be it a household or a company.
電力を使うパターンは家庭や企業など経済主体によって多様だ。
Entities that generate their own power can sell power they do not use.
自家発電設備を持っている場合、自らが使用しない時間帯は自家発電による電力を売ることができ、
If it became easy to find users who would purchase this power, then it would be possible to limit the number of power facilities in society as a whole.
それを購入するユーザーを見つけることが容易になれば、社会全体の電力設備を抑制できるだろう。
It was hoped that liberalization of the power market would greatly facilitate this, but that hasn't been the case.
電力自由化に期待されていたことだったが、それも不十分な結果になっている。
Investment in power generation facilities could be further curbed by switching consumption to off-peak periods to level out demand.
ピーク時を避けて電力を使うようにして需要を平準化すれば、発電設備への投資をさらに抑えられる。
Overcoming the frequency barrier that exists between power companies in eastern and western Japan could also boost electricity exchanges between the companies that produce it.
また、東日本と西日本の周波数の壁を越え多くの電力を送受できるようにすることも含め、電力会社間での電力融通の強化もポイントだ。
If it became possible to find suppliers and users who can meet each other's needs over a wider area and more newcomers entered the market, then we could expect lower electricity prices through competition.
互いのニーズに見合った新たな電力の供給者と需要者を、より広範な地域から見つけることができるようになり、電力市場への参加者が増えれば、競争促進による電気料金の抑制効果も期待できる。
◇ＮＴＴ方式を参考に
If the introduction of a fixed-price purchasing system for electric power generated with renewable energy -- which has not been viewed as unstable and difficult to introduce on a large scale -- could be viewed as one wheel of a vehicle, then greater electricity exchanges between power companies is another.
不安定電源として導入に限界があるとされてきた再生可能エネルギーによる電力も、普及を促す固定買い取り制度の導入を一方の車輪とするなら、もう一方は電力会社間の電力融通の拡大だ。
It is important that both wheels be set in motion.
その両輪が活用拡大に欠かせない。
Japan should proceed with revisions to its power system while considering a model of local production for local consumption.
地産地消のような分散型の電力の供給と消費という視点も踏まえ、電力体制の見直しを進めるべきではないだろうか。
It cannot be denied that the separation of the generation and delivery of power is an important point of discussion.
発送電分離も重要な論点で否定するわけではない。
But it would mean that power suppliers, which are private companies, be asked to donate their assets, creating the problem of how to compensate the power companies.
ただ、民間企業の電力会社に財産の提供を求めることになり、その対価をどう負担するのかという問題が生ずる。
Furthermore, it is possible that responsibility now imposed on power companies to supply power, which has contributed to securing a stable source, could become vague if the generation and distribution of power were separated.
また、現在、電力会社に課され安定供給の基盤となっている供給義務も、発送電分離となった場合、責任があいまいになる恐れがある。
In handling revisions to the power system, a useful reference can be found in NTT's opening of its phone network. 電力体制の見直しにあたって参考となるのが、ＮＴＴの電話網の開放だろう。
Other phone carriers can use NTT's network under the same conditions as NTT, and when they do, strict rules are laid out.
ＮＴＴの電話網は、他の通信事業者もＮＴＴと同等の条件で利用でき、その際のルールが厳密に定められている。
Checks are performed to see whether these rules are being kept, and there is an arbitration system to solve problems.
それが守られているのかをチェックし、裁定でトラブルに決着をつける仕組みもある。
While there was no splitting up of phone networks in the liberalization of the phone market, the opening of the NTT's network enabled users to freely choose which carrier they used.
通信市場の自由化は電話網の分離はなかったものの、ＮＴＴの電話網開放によって、利用者は通信事業者を自由に選べるようになった。
Perhaps such a model could be taken into account when opening up Japan's electricity distribution network.
これを参考に送電網の開放を進めてみてはどうだろうか。
To boost market functionality that connects providers and buyers, diversification of services provided by the Japan Electric Power Exchange is needed.
売買をつなぐ機能を強化するには、電力取引所のメニューの多様化も必要だ。
But rather than implementing such measures, if these measures encourage new power businesses to enter the market, then it should become possible to secure a diverse supply of electricity, including renewable energy, and enhance the efficiency of power generation facilities.
こうした措置により電力事業への新規参入を促せば、再生可能エネルギーの活用も含め多様な電源を確保し、発電設備を効率的に運用できるようになるだろう。
We call for the points of discussion that formerly emerged in the liberalization of the power market to be revisited in light of the nuclear crisis to bring about revisions to Japan's power system.
かつての電力自由化の際の論点を、原発事故を踏まえて再整理し、電力体制の見直しにつなげていくよう提案したい。
毎日新聞 2011年8月4日 東京朝刊
Japan should free up electricity distribution network in reforms to power system
社説：電力体制改革 送電網開放で分散型へ
In Japan there were hardly any power cuts.
停電はめったにない。
The power voltage and frequency was stable, and people could use as much electricity as they wanted.
電圧や周波数も安定している。そして、使いたいだけ供給してくれる。
Then the Great East Japan Earthquake and ensuing nuclear crisis hit the nation.
しかし、東日本大震災によって状況は一変した。
In the wake of the disaster, nuclear power plants were brought to a stop one after another, and despite the full mobilization of thermal power stations, requests to conserve power arose not only in eastern Japan, which suffered the brunt of the disaster, but also in western Japan.
安定的に電力を供給してきた原子力発電所が相次いで止まり、火力発電所を総動員しているものの、節電要請は被災した東日本だけでなく西日本へも広がっている。
To flexibly respond to this situation, and to reduce dependence on nuclear power plants and boost the supply of renewable energy such as solar and wind power, revision of Japan's power system is now needed.
原発への依存度を下げ、太陽光や風力などの再生可能エネルギーによる電力を増やしていくうえからも、それに柔軟に対応できるよう、電力体制の見直しが必要だ。
◇発送電分離が浮上
In the wake of the disaster, it has been suggested that the tasks of generating and distributing power in Japan -- now handled entirely by the nation's power companies -- should be split up.
その中で電力会社の発電と送電部門を分割する発送電分離論も浮上している。
The crisis at the Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear Power Plant has exposed various problems faced by the power companies, which hold monopolies over various regions.
地域独占の電力会社が抱えるさまざまな問題が、原発事故を機に露呈している。
The argument that drastic reform can only come about by splitting up power generation and distribution is understandable.
それを抜本的に改めるには、分離が必要だという主張は理解できる。
However, implementation of such changes is no easy task.
ただし、その実現にはかなり高いハードルがある。
It will not do any good to strap the nation to a lofty goal only to run aground.
大きな目標を掲げたものの、それにしばられ暗礁に乗り上げてしまったということになっても困る。
A realistic approach is needed.
より現実的な道も探る必要があるのではないか。
The reason the current power system has been maintained is that liberalization of the power market that began in the 1990s has not taken full force.
現在の電力体制が維持されたのは、９０年代に始まった電力市場の自由化が中途半端な形で終わった結果だ。
It is a different story with liberalization of the communications market, where new entries have progressed a great deal while NTT remains united under a holding company.
一方、通信市場の自由化では、ＮＴＴは持ち株会社の下で一体のまま、新規参入が大きく進んだ。
Surely a sensible idea would be to examine why liberalization of the power market has not progressed in the same way as liberalization in the communications market, and revise Japan's power system.
通信と違い電力の自由化が実質的に進展しなかった理由を検証し、電力体制の見直しを行うというのも、有力な選択肢ではないだろうか。
Of course, before any such reform takes place, the issue of ownership and operation of nuclear power plants must be settled.
もちろん、原発の所有と運営の問題を解決することが前提となる。
Clearly a power company cannot handle the risks of a nuclear accident by itself.
原発事故のリスクを、電力会社が単独で背負うことができないのは明らかだ。
It has been suggested that power plants be made separate and the government take control of them in the form of a public corporation, for example.
原発を分離して公社などの形で国が責任を持つという案もある。
This issue must quickly be resolved.
この問題について、早急に結論を出す必要がある。
Liberalization of the power market has led to the formation of a power producer and supplier system under which newly generated power -- such as the surplus from home solar systems -- can be sold through a power company's distribution network. (この部分英訳抜け多し＾＾）
電力会社が原発にますます傾斜するようになった背景には、電力、ガス、石油といったエネルギー産業間での競争がある。この競争に勝ち抜くため、原子力は低コストで電力を供給できるとＰＲしてきた。
その一方で、電力自由化により、自ら発電した電力を電力会社の送電網を使って小売りする特定規模電気事業者（ＰＰＳ）などの制度が設けられた。
But due to various limitations, the share held by power providers under this system remains low.
しかし、さまざまな制約からシェアは低いままにとどまっている。
Furthermore, power companies have been reluctant to introduce solar and wind power generation on the grounds that it is costly to produce and could result in a lower quality of electricity.
また、太陽光や風力による発電もコストが高いうえ電力の質を落としかねないとして、電力会社は導入に腰が引けていた。
The way power is used depends on the economic entity involved, be it a household or a company.
電力を使うパターンは家庭や企業など経済主体によって多様だ。
Entities that generate their own power can sell power they do not use.
自家発電設備を持っている場合、自らが使用しない時間帯は自家発電による電力を売ることができ、
If it became easy to find users who would purchase this power, then it would be possible to limit the number of power facilities in society as a whole.
それを購入するユーザーを見つけることが容易になれば、社会全体の電力設備を抑制できるだろう。
It was hoped that liberalization of the power market would greatly facilitate this, but that hasn't been the case.
電力自由化に期待されていたことだったが、それも不十分な結果になっている。
Investment in power generation facilities could be further curbed by switching consumption to off-peak periods to level out demand.
ピーク時を避けて電力を使うようにして需要を平準化すれば、発電設備への投資をさらに抑えられる。
Overcoming the frequency barrier that exists between power companies in eastern and western Japan could also boost electricity exchanges between the companies that produce it.
また、東日本と西日本の周波数の壁を越え多くの電力を送受できるようにすることも含め、電力会社間での電力融通の強化もポイントだ。
If it became possible to find suppliers and users who can meet each other's needs over a wider area and more newcomers entered the market, then we could expect lower electricity prices through competition.
互いのニーズに見合った新たな電力の供給者と需要者を、より広範な地域から見つけることができるようになり、電力市場への参加者が増えれば、競争促進による電気料金の抑制効果も期待できる。
◇ＮＴＴ方式を参考に
If the introduction of a fixed-price purchasing system for electric power generated with renewable energy -- which has not been viewed as unstable and difficult to introduce on a large scale -- could be viewed as one wheel of a vehicle, then greater electricity exchanges between power companies is another.
不安定電源として導入に限界があるとされてきた再生可能エネルギーによる電力も、普及を促す固定買い取り制度の導入を一方の車輪とするなら、もう一方は電力会社間の電力融通の拡大だ。
It is important that both wheels be set in motion.
その両輪が活用拡大に欠かせない。
Japan should proceed with revisions to its power system while considering a model of local production for local consumption.
地産地消のような分散型の電力の供給と消費という視点も踏まえ、電力体制の見直しを進めるべきではないだろうか。
It cannot be denied that the separation of the generation and delivery of power is an important point of discussion.
発送電分離も重要な論点で否定するわけではない。
But it would mean that power suppliers, which are private companies, be asked to donate their assets, creating the problem of how to compensate the power companies.
ただ、民間企業の電力会社に財産の提供を求めることになり、その対価をどう負担するのかという問題が生ずる。
Furthermore, it is possible that responsibility now imposed on power companies to supply power, which has contributed to securing a stable source, could become vague if the generation and distribution of power were separated.
また、現在、電力会社に課され安定供給の基盤となっている供給義務も、発送電分離となった場合、責任があいまいになる恐れがある。
In handling revisions to the power system, a useful reference can be found in NTT's opening of its phone network. 電力体制の見直しにあたって参考となるのが、ＮＴＴの電話網の開放だろう。
Other phone carriers can use NTT's network under the same conditions as NTT, and when they do, strict rules are laid out.
ＮＴＴの電話網は、他の通信事業者もＮＴＴと同等の条件で利用でき、その際のルールが厳密に定められている。
Checks are performed to see whether these rules are being kept, and there is an arbitration system to solve problems.
それが守られているのかをチェックし、裁定でトラブルに決着をつける仕組みもある。
While there was no splitting up of phone networks in the liberalization of the phone market, the opening of the NTT's network enabled users to freely choose which carrier they used.
通信市場の自由化は電話網の分離はなかったものの、ＮＴＴの電話網開放によって、利用者は通信事業者を自由に選べるようになった。
Perhaps such a model could be taken into account when opening up Japan's electricity distribution network.
これを参考に送電網の開放を進めてみてはどうだろうか。
To boost market functionality that connects providers and buyers, diversification of services provided by the Japan Electric Power Exchange is needed.
売買をつなぐ機能を強化するには、電力取引所のメニューの多様化も必要だ。
But rather than implementing such measures, if these measures encourage new power businesses to enter the market, then it should become possible to secure a diverse supply of electricity, including renewable energy, and enhance the efficiency of power generation facilities.
こうした措置により電力事業への新規参入を促せば、再生可能エネルギーの活用も含め多様な電源を確保し、発電設備を効率的に運用できるようになるだろう。
We call for the points of discussion that formerly emerged in the liberalization of the power market to be revisited in light of the nuclear crisis to bring about revisions to Japan's power system.
かつての電力自由化の際の論点を、原発事故を踏まえて再整理し、電力体制の見直しにつなげていくよう提案したい。
毎日新聞 2011年8月4日 東京朝刊
(Mainichi Japan) August 3, 2011
Nuclear energy can be replaced with renewable energy
社説：再生可能エネルギー 原発代替は十分可能だ
The elimination of nuclear power plants cannot be achieved over a short period of time.
原発依存からの脱却は短時日ではできない。
Therefore, we basically support the government's intention to consider the matter from short-, medium- and long-term perspectives.
政府は「短期」「中期」「長期」に分けて考えるという。基本的に賛成だ。
It is necessary to set a clear timeline if the government is to draw a realistic roadmap toward the goal.
現実的なロードマップを描くには時間軸の設定が不可欠である。
In the short run, there is no choice but to switch to thermal power generation using natural gas.
短期的には天然ガスによるガス火力発電にシフトするほかない。
The government should promptly initiate its work to do so because it normally takes about a decade to complete a thermal power station, considering the time required to select and procure a site for the facility.
火力発電所の建設には用地選定まで含めれば通常１０年ぐらいかかる。直ちに着手すべきだ。
Circumstances surrounding natural gas have drastically changed.
天然ガスをめぐる状況は一変している。
The amount of natural gas produced has sharply increased since the technology of extracting gas from shale was established in the United States.
米国で頁岩（けつがん）中のシェールガスを採取する方法が確立し生産量が急拡大した。
Shale gas fields are being developed in China and many other countries in the world.
中国を含め世界中で開発が進んでおり、
The International Energy Agency estimates that the amount of gas consumed on a global scale will increase by 50 percent by 2030.
国際エネルギー機関（ＩＥＡ）は２０３０年までに、世界のガス消費量は５０％増加するという。
The natural gas age has arrived.
「天然ガスの時代」だ。
◇当面はガス火力で
Germany, which has decided to pursue a society without nuclear power, intends to make up for a shortage of electric power with that generated by thermal power stations.
脱原発に踏み切ったドイツもガス火力で穴埋めする。
However, the price of natural gas will certainly rise because its demand is expected to sharply expand.
しかし、需要の拡大で価格の上昇は必至だ。
Measures should be taken on a global scale to not only guarantee contracts to purchase gas but also to expand interest in gas field exploitation.
ガスの購入契約の保全だけでなく、ガス田採掘の権益拡大に努めるべきだ。国家的支援を強化する必要がある。
Of thermal power plants using fossil fuels, those powered by coal emit the largest amount of carbon dioxide, a type of greenhouse gas.
石炭火力発電は化石燃料の中で二酸化炭素の排出量が最も多いが、
However, coal can be stably procured from all over the world, and its price is relatively low.
コストが安く世界各地から安定的に調達できる。
Electric power generated by such plants accounts for approximately 25 percent of electricity consumed in Japan.
我が国の電力の約２５％を占める。
To ensure a stable supply of electricity, Japan will need to maintain its coal-powered thermal electric power plants.
電力の安定供給のため、石炭火力も維持していく必要があるだろう。
Germany relies on coal-powered electric power plants for 41 percent of electricity consumed domestically, far above the ratio in Japan.
ドイツは４１％が石炭火力。日本よりずっとその比率が高い。
In short, there is no choice but to make up for a shortage of electric power as a result of decreasing nuclear power plants with power generated by thermal power stations until the ratio of power generated by renewable energy sources rises significantly.
再生可能エネルギーによる発電量が増加するまで、火力発電で原発の穴を埋めていくほかないということである。
However, there are problems involving such efforts including a rise in the costs of generating electric power and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions.
ただ、これにはふたつ問題がある。コスト上昇と温室効果ガスの排出量の増加だ。
According to an estimate made by the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan, if all domestic nuclear power plants are shut down, the cost of Japan's imports of fuel will increase by 3.473 trillion yen next fiscal year, increasing the monthly average electricity charge by 1,049 yen per household and by 36 percent for businesses.
日本エネルギー経済研究所の試算では来年度、全原発が停止すると、燃料輸入費は年間３兆４７３０億円増加し１世帯当たりの月額電気使用料は１０４９円、産業用電気料金は３６％上昇する、という。
Business leaders have expressed grave concern that if a shortage of electric power becomes chronic and electric power rate rises as a result, it will force businesses to shift their factories abroad, speeding up the hollowing out of Japan's industry.
産業界は電力不足が恒常化し電気料金が上昇すれば、海外への生産拠点の移転が増え産業の空洞化が進むという。
Some view the shortage of electric power as a unique opportunity to transform Japan's economy, which consumes a massive amount of electric power, into one that relies less on energy.
電力多消費型経済から２１世紀型省エネ経済に転換する好機という見方も可能だが、
However, adverse changes in the economy, such as a sharp rise in the unemployment rate, must be avoided by all means.
失業の急増など経済の激変は避けたい。
The hollowing out of domestic industry is very complex and it cannot be attributed solely to a rise in energy expenses.
そもそも、空洞化問題はエネルギーコストだけでなく
Behind the problem are also various factors such as the sharp appreciation of the yen, inadequate infrastructure for manufacturing, a shortage of human resources that have received advanced education, high corporate tax rates and a lack of leadership ability on the part of the government, which cannot decide whether Japan should participate in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement.
円高の進行や生産インフラの不備、高度教育を受けた人材の不足、さらに高い法人税、環太平洋パートナーシップ協定（ＴＰＰ）への参加を決められない政府の指導力不足など、複雑な要因がからんでいる。
The government needs to clarify its stance toward supporting businesses and implement specific measures to that end.
政府はビジネス支援の旗幟（きし）を鮮明にし、きめ細かく手を尽くさなければならない。
If Japan's reliance on nuclear power plants declines, it will be difficult for the government to achieve its goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 25 percent from 1990s levels.
原発依存度が低下すれば、温室効果ガスを９０年比２５％削減するという政府目標の達成は難しい。
Therefore, it should review its goal.
目標を見直すべきだ。
After the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gas emission expires, a new system should be created under which Japan's exports of devices that help reduce greenhouse emissions to developing countries can be recognized as reductions in Japan's greenhouse gas emissions.
「ポスト京都」では途上国に温室効果ガスを低減する機器を輸出すれば、それが日本の温室効果ガス削減にカウントされるような新たなメカニズムが必要不可欠だ。
It should not use taxpayers' money to buy surplus emission credits from other countries in a desperate bid to achieve its numerical target.
外国から税金で余剰排出枠を買い、つじつま合わせする京都方式の単純延長だけは避けなければならない。
In the medium- and long term, Japan should develop and use more renewable energy.
「中・長期」では再生可能エネルギーの開発・普及である。
Germany's policy of seeking to eliminate nuclear power stations is coupled with its strategy of seeking to be a leader in the field of renewable energy.
ドイツの脱原発政策は再生可能エネルギー分野の覇者を目指す戦略とセットだ。
The level of Japan's environmental protection technology is equal to that of Germany's.
日本の環境技術はドイツにひけをとらない。
Japan has the potential to become a leader in an environment-friendly energy revolution.
日本こそ「環境エネルギー革命」の勝者になる潜在力がある。
The Environment Ministry estimates by 2030, approximately 330 billion kilowatts per hour can be generated in Japan solely with renewable energy if its land is fully utilized.
環境省の試算では、国土をめいっぱい利用すれば２０３０年、再生可能エネルギーによる発電が年間約３３００億キロワット時も可能だという。
The figure is about 30 percent of electric power currently generated throughout Japan and equal to the amount of power currently generated by all nuclear power plants across the country.
現在の全発電量の約３割、原発の従来の発電シェアに相当する。
Theoretically, all atomic energy used for power generation in Japan can be changed to renewable energy.
理論的には再生可能エネルギーで原発の代替が十分可能なわけだ。
It is not easy to achieve this but the government should try by setting this as a target.
達成は容易でないが努力目標にしたい。
Among various electric power generation methods using renewable energy sources, Japan has placed priority on solar power generation.
その中で日本では太陽光発電が先行してきた。
At one point, Japan was the No. 1 country in the world in terms of the amount of power generated by solar panels.
かつては世界一の発電量だったこともある。
Various experiments are being conducted, such as storing electric power generated by solar panels in batteries for electric vehicles.
太陽光パネルで発電し電気自動車の蓄電池に蓄えるなど、さまざまな試みがなされている。
The problem involving solar power generation is its high costs.
発電コストの高さが難点だが
However, as the method becomes widespread, the costs will certainly decrease.
普及とともに低下するだろう。
◇何よりも省エネを
Wind power generation is the most widespread in the world because its costs are relatively low.
風力発電はコストが安く世界的には自然エネルギーの主力だが、
Japan is ranked only 12th in the world in the volume of power generated by wind power generators.
日本は世界１２位。
There are various challenges that must be overcome, such as their noise.
騒音など課題も多いが
However, there are many such generators in the Tohoku and other regions, and their potential is particularly high.
東北地方を筆頭に潜在力は最大だ。
Floating wind power generators are fitted for Japan, which is surrounded by little sea with shoals.
遠浅の海の少ない日本の場合、浮体式の洋上発電が有望だ。
Moreover, the government should promote the introduction of geothermal power generation, which could be stable sources of electric power, and small- and medium-scale hydraulic power generation for local consumption.
また、安定電源になりうる地熱発電、小河川の中小水力発電も地産地消型の電源として推進すべきだ。
One of the disadvantages of natural energy sources is that their ability to generate electric power depends on the amount of sunshine and wind and is therefore unstable.
自然エネルギーは日照次第、風次第で不安定という欠点がある。
This is the main reason why electric power companies have been reluctant to connect such power generators to their power grids.
電力会社が電力網への受け入れを渋ってきた理由だ。
To overcome this problem, power suppliers should expand their power interchange capacity between themselves and install special batteries to stabilize electric power in their respective grids.
その対策として、各電力会社間の電力融通の容量を拡大するとともに、電力が不安定になるのを防ぐ電池の設置を急ぐべきだ。
In the long run, power suppliers' regional monopoly needs to be reviewed.
長期的には電力の地域独占の見直しなども検討する必要がある。
Above all, reductions in energy consumption are most important.
そして、何より省エネが重要だ。
The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan estimates that by replacing all incandescent bulbs in Japan with light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs, electric power equal to that generated by four nuclear reactors can be saved.
日本エネルギー経済研究所の試算では、白熱灯をすべて発光ダイオード（ＬＥＤ）照明に交換するだけで原発４基分の節約になる。
This is why it is said that "saving energy is creating energy."
「省エネは創エネ」と言われるゆえんだ。
Future generations will feel the limited nature of energy more than us.
われわれの次の世代は今以上に資源の有限性に突き当たる。
Japan must reform itself into a country that can efficiently function with smaller amounts of energy.
少ないエネルギーで効率的に動く日本にしなければならない。
The system to supply energy needs to be restructured into one based on local production for local consumption.
「分散型」「地産地消型」のエネルギー構造に組み替えるほかない。
Renewable energy is most suitable for such an energy-supply system.
それには再生可能エネルギーが最も適している。
Prompt action is called for to ensure energy safety and security for future generations.
次世代の安全・安心のため行動を急ごう。
毎日新聞 2011年8月3日 2時30分（最終更新 8月3日 9時27分）
Nuclear energy can be replaced with renewable energy
社説：再生可能エネルギー 原発代替は十分可能だ
The elimination of nuclear power plants cannot be achieved over a short period of time.
原発依存からの脱却は短時日ではできない。
Therefore, we basically support the government's intention to consider the matter from short-, medium- and long-term perspectives.
政府は「短期」「中期」「長期」に分けて考えるという。基本的に賛成だ。
It is necessary to set a clear timeline if the government is to draw a realistic roadmap toward the goal.
現実的なロードマップを描くには時間軸の設定が不可欠である。
In the short run, there is no choice but to switch to thermal power generation using natural gas.
短期的には天然ガスによるガス火力発電にシフトするほかない。
The government should promptly initiate its work to do so because it normally takes about a decade to complete a thermal power station, considering the time required to select and procure a site for the facility.
火力発電所の建設には用地選定まで含めれば通常１０年ぐらいかかる。直ちに着手すべきだ。
Circumstances surrounding natural gas have drastically changed.
天然ガスをめぐる状況は一変している。
The amount of natural gas produced has sharply increased since the technology of extracting gas from shale was established in the United States.
米国で頁岩（けつがん）中のシェールガスを採取する方法が確立し生産量が急拡大した。
Shale gas fields are being developed in China and many other countries in the world.
中国を含め世界中で開発が進んでおり、
The International Energy Agency estimates that the amount of gas consumed on a global scale will increase by 50 percent by 2030.
国際エネルギー機関（ＩＥＡ）は２０３０年までに、世界のガス消費量は５０％増加するという。
The natural gas age has arrived.
「天然ガスの時代」だ。
◇当面はガス火力で
Germany, which has decided to pursue a society without nuclear power, intends to make up for a shortage of electric power with that generated by thermal power stations.
脱原発に踏み切ったドイツもガス火力で穴埋めする。
However, the price of natural gas will certainly rise because its demand is expected to sharply expand.
しかし、需要の拡大で価格の上昇は必至だ。
Measures should be taken on a global scale to not only guarantee contracts to purchase gas but also to expand interest in gas field exploitation.
ガスの購入契約の保全だけでなく、ガス田採掘の権益拡大に努めるべきだ。国家的支援を強化する必要がある。
Of thermal power plants using fossil fuels, those powered by coal emit the largest amount of carbon dioxide, a type of greenhouse gas.
石炭火力発電は化石燃料の中で二酸化炭素の排出量が最も多いが、
However, coal can be stably procured from all over the world, and its price is relatively low.
コストが安く世界各地から安定的に調達できる。
Electric power generated by such plants accounts for approximately 25 percent of electricity consumed in Japan.
我が国の電力の約２５％を占める。
To ensure a stable supply of electricity, Japan will need to maintain its coal-powered thermal electric power plants.
電力の安定供給のため、石炭火力も維持していく必要があるだろう。
Germany relies on coal-powered electric power plants for 41 percent of electricity consumed domestically, far above the ratio in Japan.
ドイツは４１％が石炭火力。日本よりずっとその比率が高い。
In short, there is no choice but to make up for a shortage of electric power as a result of decreasing nuclear power plants with power generated by thermal power stations until the ratio of power generated by renewable energy sources rises significantly.
再生可能エネルギーによる発電量が増加するまで、火力発電で原発の穴を埋めていくほかないということである。
However, there are problems involving such efforts including a rise in the costs of generating electric power and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions.
ただ、これにはふたつ問題がある。コスト上昇と温室効果ガスの排出量の増加だ。
According to an estimate made by the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan, if all domestic nuclear power plants are shut down, the cost of Japan's imports of fuel will increase by 3.473 trillion yen next fiscal year, increasing the monthly average electricity charge by 1,049 yen per household and by 36 percent for businesses.
日本エネルギー経済研究所の試算では来年度、全原発が停止すると、燃料輸入費は年間３兆４７３０億円増加し１世帯当たりの月額電気使用料は１０４９円、産業用電気料金は３６％上昇する、という。
Business leaders have expressed grave concern that if a shortage of electric power becomes chronic and electric power rate rises as a result, it will force businesses to shift their factories abroad, speeding up the hollowing out of Japan's industry.
産業界は電力不足が恒常化し電気料金が上昇すれば、海外への生産拠点の移転が増え産業の空洞化が進むという。
Some view the shortage of electric power as a unique opportunity to transform Japan's economy, which consumes a massive amount of electric power, into one that relies less on energy.
電力多消費型経済から２１世紀型省エネ経済に転換する好機という見方も可能だが、
However, adverse changes in the economy, such as a sharp rise in the unemployment rate, must be avoided by all means.
失業の急増など経済の激変は避けたい。
The hollowing out of domestic industry is very complex and it cannot be attributed solely to a rise in energy expenses.
そもそも、空洞化問題はエネルギーコストだけでなく
Behind the problem are also various factors such as the sharp appreciation of the yen, inadequate infrastructure for manufacturing, a shortage of human resources that have received advanced education, high corporate tax rates and a lack of leadership ability on the part of the government, which cannot decide whether Japan should participate in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement.
円高の進行や生産インフラの不備、高度教育を受けた人材の不足、さらに高い法人税、環太平洋パートナーシップ協定（ＴＰＰ）への参加を決められない政府の指導力不足など、複雑な要因がからんでいる。
The government needs to clarify its stance toward supporting businesses and implement specific measures to that end.
政府はビジネス支援の旗幟（きし）を鮮明にし、きめ細かく手を尽くさなければならない。
If Japan's reliance on nuclear power plants declines, it will be difficult for the government to achieve its goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 25 percent from 1990s levels.
原発依存度が低下すれば、温室効果ガスを９０年比２５％削減するという政府目標の達成は難しい。
Therefore, it should review its goal.
目標を見直すべきだ。
After the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gas emission expires, a new system should be created under which Japan's exports of devices that help reduce greenhouse emissions to developing countries can be recognized as reductions in Japan's greenhouse gas emissions.
「ポスト京都」では途上国に温室効果ガスを低減する機器を輸出すれば、それが日本の温室効果ガス削減にカウントされるような新たなメカニズムが必要不可欠だ。
It should not use taxpayers' money to buy surplus emission credits from other countries in a desperate bid to achieve its numerical target.
外国から税金で余剰排出枠を買い、つじつま合わせする京都方式の単純延長だけは避けなければならない。
In the medium- and long term, Japan should develop and use more renewable energy.
「中・長期」では再生可能エネルギーの開発・普及である。
Germany's policy of seeking to eliminate nuclear power stations is coupled with its strategy of seeking to be a leader in the field of renewable energy.
ドイツの脱原発政策は再生可能エネルギー分野の覇者を目指す戦略とセットだ。
The level of Japan's environmental protection technology is equal to that of Germany's.
日本の環境技術はドイツにひけをとらない。
Japan has the potential to become a leader in an environment-friendly energy revolution.
日本こそ「環境エネルギー革命」の勝者になる潜在力がある。
The Environment Ministry estimates by 2030, approximately 330 billion kilowatts per hour can be generated in Japan solely with renewable energy if its land is fully utilized.
環境省の試算では、国土をめいっぱい利用すれば２０３０年、再生可能エネルギーによる発電が年間約３３００億キロワット時も可能だという。
The figure is about 30 percent of electric power currently generated throughout Japan and equal to the amount of power currently generated by all nuclear power plants across the country.
現在の全発電量の約３割、原発の従来の発電シェアに相当する。
Theoretically, all atomic energy used for power generation in Japan can be changed to renewable energy.
理論的には再生可能エネルギーで原発の代替が十分可能なわけだ。
It is not easy to achieve this but the government should try by setting this as a target.
達成は容易でないが努力目標にしたい。
Among various electric power generation methods using renewable energy sources, Japan has placed priority on solar power generation.
その中で日本では太陽光発電が先行してきた。
At one point, Japan was the No. 1 country in the world in terms of the amount of power generated by solar panels.
かつては世界一の発電量だったこともある。
Various experiments are being conducted, such as storing electric power generated by solar panels in batteries for electric vehicles.
太陽光パネルで発電し電気自動車の蓄電池に蓄えるなど、さまざまな試みがなされている。
The problem involving solar power generation is its high costs.
発電コストの高さが難点だが
However, as the method becomes widespread, the costs will certainly decrease.
普及とともに低下するだろう。
◇何よりも省エネを
Wind power generation is the most widespread in the world because its costs are relatively low.
風力発電はコストが安く世界的には自然エネルギーの主力だが、
Japan is ranked only 12th in the world in the volume of power generated by wind power generators.
日本は世界１２位。
There are various challenges that must be overcome, such as their noise.
騒音など課題も多いが
However, there are many such generators in the Tohoku and other regions, and their potential is particularly high.
東北地方を筆頭に潜在力は最大だ。
Floating wind power generators are fitted for Japan, which is surrounded by little sea with shoals.
遠浅の海の少ない日本の場合、浮体式の洋上発電が有望だ。
Moreover, the government should promote the introduction of geothermal power generation, which could be stable sources of electric power, and small- and medium-scale hydraulic power generation for local consumption.
また、安定電源になりうる地熱発電、小河川の中小水力発電も地産地消型の電源として推進すべきだ。
One of the disadvantages of natural energy sources is that their ability to generate electric power depends on the amount of sunshine and wind and is therefore unstable.
自然エネルギーは日照次第、風次第で不安定という欠点がある。
This is the main reason why electric power companies have been reluctant to connect such power generators to their power grids.
電力会社が電力網への受け入れを渋ってきた理由だ。
To overcome this problem, power suppliers should expand their power interchange capacity between themselves and install special batteries to stabilize electric power in their respective grids.
その対策として、各電力会社間の電力融通の容量を拡大するとともに、電力が不安定になるのを防ぐ電池の設置を急ぐべきだ。
In the long run, power suppliers' regional monopoly needs to be reviewed.
長期的には電力の地域独占の見直しなども検討する必要がある。
Above all, reductions in energy consumption are most important.
そして、何より省エネが重要だ。
The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan estimates that by replacing all incandescent bulbs in Japan with light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs, electric power equal to that generated by four nuclear reactors can be saved.
日本エネルギー経済研究所の試算では、白熱灯をすべて発光ダイオード（ＬＥＤ）照明に交換するだけで原発４基分の節約になる。
This is why it is said that "saving energy is creating energy."
「省エネは創エネ」と言われるゆえんだ。
Future generations will feel the limited nature of energy more than us.
われわれの次の世代は今以上に資源の有限性に突き当たる。
Japan must reform itself into a country that can efficiently function with smaller amounts of energy.
少ないエネルギーで効率的に動く日本にしなければならない。
The system to supply energy needs to be restructured into one based on local production for local consumption.
「分散型」「地産地消型」のエネルギー構造に組み替えるほかない。
Renewable energy is most suitable for such an energy-supply system.
それには再生可能エネルギーが最も適している。
Prompt action is called for to ensure energy safety and security for future generations.
次世代の安全・安心のため行動を急ごう。
毎日新聞 2011年8月3日 2時30分（最終更新 8月3日 9時27分）
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Aug. 3, 2011)
U.S. default avoided, but dangers persist
米債務上限 薄氷の妥協でデフォルト回避（8月2日付・読売社説）
U.S. President Barack Obama reached an agreement with U.S. Republican and Democratic leaders to raise the debt ceiling of the U.S. government.
オバマ米大統領は、米国政府の借金枠である債務上限を引き上げることで与野党と合意した。
The U.S. federal debt was projected to reach its current statutory limit of 14.3 trillion dollars (about 1.1 yen quadrillion), with the deadline coming on Tuesday.
米国政府の債務は、法定上限の１４・３兆ドル（約１１００兆円）に達し、引き上げ期限が２日に迫っていた。
We welcome the news that the U.S. government managed to avoid the worst-case scenario of default on payments to investors in Treasury bonds.
期限切れ寸前に、ようやく妥協が成立し、国債の償還資金がなくなる債務不履行（デフォルト）という最悪の事態を回避できたことを歓迎したい。
Should the U.S. government fall into default, the markets' faith in the dollar--the world's key currency--would plummet.
デフォルトに陥れば、基軸通貨ドルの信認が急落し、
The prices of the U.S. Treasury bonds held by other major countries and financial institutions around the world would also plummet, throwing the financial markets into major turmoil.
主要国や世界の金融機関が保有する米国債の価格が暴落して、金融市場の混乱を招いただろう。
On the foreign currency markets, dollar-selling pressure has eased, apparently out of a sense of relief, putting a temporary brake on the sharp appreciation of the yen and the fall of the dollar.
外国為替市場では、安堵(あんど)感からドル売り圧力が弱まり、急激な円高・ドル安にいったん歯止めがかかった。
Stock prices on the Japanese and other Asian markets turned upward across the board.
日本やアジアなどの株価も軒並み上昇に転じた。
Further stability in the financial markets is desirable.
金融市場の一層の安定が望まれる。
===
Budget-cutting to begin
According to Obama, the agreement would have the federal government cut its fiscal deficit by 2.4 trillion dollars over 10 years, while allowing the administration to raise the debt ceiling on a similar scale in two stages.
大統領によると、合意内容は、１０年間で２・４兆ドルの財政赤字削減と、同規模の債務上限引き上げを２段階で実施する。
Initially, a spending cut of 900 billion dollars would be made, while the debt ceiling would be raised by the same amount immediately.
まず、０・９兆ドルの歳出削減とセットで、債務上限を同額ただちに引き上げる。
Then, a suprapartisan committee to be set up within Congress will work out a plan to cut the fiscal deficit by another 1.5 trillion dollars within the year, while again raising the debt limit by a matching amount.
さらに議会に設置する超党派委員会が年内に１・５兆ドルの財政赤字削減策をまとめ、債務上限を同じく引き上げるというものだ。
Both houses of Congress should quickly pass the bill, worked out on the basis of the accord, and Obama should sign it into law.
上下両院は合意に基づいた法案を速やかに可決し、大統領の署名を経て成立させるべきだ。
The focal point from now on will be a deficit-cutting plan to be discussed by the new congressional committee.
今後の焦点は、超党派委員会が協議する赤字削減策である。
The tea party wing of the Republican Party, which made a rapid advance in last year's midterm elections, opposes a tax increase.
昨年の中間選挙で躍進した野党共和党保守系の「茶会党」は、増税に反対している。
The tea party movement remains far apart from the Democrats and Obama, who wants to realize fiscal reconstruction through a combination of spending cuts and tax hikes.
歳出カットと増税などを組み合わせた財政再建を目指したい大統領や、民主党の主張との隔たりは大きい。
We wonder whether the two sides will be able to agree on any effective deficit-cutting plan, with the political maneuvering over the presidential election for next autumn already a factor.
来秋の大統領選への駆け引きが絡み、実効性のある赤字削減策で合意できるかどうか。
The pros and cons of tax increases will probably become a major point of contention.
増税の是非が争点になろう。
===
Risks remain real
If the negotiations face rough going, with Republicans and Democrats locked in a tug-of-war over the plan, and if the deficit-cutting measure ends up being insufficient, credit-rating agencies may still downgrade Treasury bonds, raising fears of adverse effects on the world's markets.
与野党の攻防で協議が難航し、赤字削減が不十分に終わると、格付け会社が米国債の格下げに踏み切る可能性もある。世界の市場に及ぼす影響が懸念される。
The president must exercise leadership in getting the U.S. fiscal house in order.
財政健全化へ、大統領は指導力を発揮しなければならない。
Both houses of Congress also have grave responsibility.
議会の責任も極めて重い。
Meanwhile, the yen's appreciation continues, with the currency in record strong territory of 76 yen to the dollar, causing hardships in the Japanese economy.
一方、円高圧力は続いており、１ドル＝７６円台の歴史的な円高水準は日本にとって厳しい。
The yen's rise puts pressure on the earnings of export-oriented firms, thus hindering Japan's economic recovery. 円高は輸出企業の収益を圧迫し、景気回復の足を引っ張る。
Should Japanese firms accelerate their moves to shift production abroad to cope with the yen's rise, it would bring about a hollowing-out of the nation's industries.
円高対策で海外生産が加速すると、産業空洞化も招く。
We hope Japanese companies will work out better strategies to deal with the excessive rise of the yen.
各企業は国内生産を維持しながら、超円高に対応できる戦略を練ってほしい。
The government should also expand its support to them.
政府も支援を拡充すべきだ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Aug. 2, 2011)
（2011年8月2日01時39分 読売新聞）
U.S. default avoided, but dangers persist
米債務上限 薄氷の妥協でデフォルト回避（8月2日付・読売社説）
U.S. President Barack Obama reached an agreement with U.S. Republican and Democratic leaders to raise the debt ceiling of the U.S. government.
オバマ米大統領は、米国政府の借金枠である債務上限を引き上げることで与野党と合意した。
The U.S. federal debt was projected to reach its current statutory limit of 14.3 trillion dollars (about 1.1 yen quadrillion), with the deadline coming on Tuesday.
米国政府の債務は、法定上限の１４・３兆ドル（約１１００兆円）に達し、引き上げ期限が２日に迫っていた。
We welcome the news that the U.S. government managed to avoid the worst-case scenario of default on payments to investors in Treasury bonds.
期限切れ寸前に、ようやく妥協が成立し、国債の償還資金がなくなる債務不履行（デフォルト）という最悪の事態を回避できたことを歓迎したい。
Should the U.S. government fall into default, the markets' faith in the dollar--the world's key currency--would plummet.
デフォルトに陥れば、基軸通貨ドルの信認が急落し、
The prices of the U.S. Treasury bonds held by other major countries and financial institutions around the world would also plummet, throwing the financial markets into major turmoil.
主要国や世界の金融機関が保有する米国債の価格が暴落して、金融市場の混乱を招いただろう。
On the foreign currency markets, dollar-selling pressure has eased, apparently out of a sense of relief, putting a temporary brake on the sharp appreciation of the yen and the fall of the dollar.
外国為替市場では、安堵(あんど)感からドル売り圧力が弱まり、急激な円高・ドル安にいったん歯止めがかかった。
Stock prices on the Japanese and other Asian markets turned upward across the board.
日本やアジアなどの株価も軒並み上昇に転じた。
Further stability in the financial markets is desirable.
金融市場の一層の安定が望まれる。
===
Budget-cutting to begin
According to Obama, the agreement would have the federal government cut its fiscal deficit by 2.4 trillion dollars over 10 years, while allowing the administration to raise the debt ceiling on a similar scale in two stages.
大統領によると、合意内容は、１０年間で２・４兆ドルの財政赤字削減と、同規模の債務上限引き上げを２段階で実施する。
Initially, a spending cut of 900 billion dollars would be made, while the debt ceiling would be raised by the same amount immediately.
まず、０・９兆ドルの歳出削減とセットで、債務上限を同額ただちに引き上げる。
Then, a suprapartisan committee to be set up within Congress will work out a plan to cut the fiscal deficit by another 1.5 trillion dollars within the year, while again raising the debt limit by a matching amount.
さらに議会に設置する超党派委員会が年内に１・５兆ドルの財政赤字削減策をまとめ、債務上限を同じく引き上げるというものだ。
Both houses of Congress should quickly pass the bill, worked out on the basis of the accord, and Obama should sign it into law.
上下両院は合意に基づいた法案を速やかに可決し、大統領の署名を経て成立させるべきだ。
The focal point from now on will be a deficit-cutting plan to be discussed by the new congressional committee.
今後の焦点は、超党派委員会が協議する赤字削減策である。
The tea party wing of the Republican Party, which made a rapid advance in last year's midterm elections, opposes a tax increase.
昨年の中間選挙で躍進した野党共和党保守系の「茶会党」は、増税に反対している。
The tea party movement remains far apart from the Democrats and Obama, who wants to realize fiscal reconstruction through a combination of spending cuts and tax hikes.
歳出カットと増税などを組み合わせた財政再建を目指したい大統領や、民主党の主張との隔たりは大きい。
We wonder whether the two sides will be able to agree on any effective deficit-cutting plan, with the political maneuvering over the presidential election for next autumn already a factor.
来秋の大統領選への駆け引きが絡み、実効性のある赤字削減策で合意できるかどうか。
The pros and cons of tax increases will probably become a major point of contention.
増税の是非が争点になろう。
===
Risks remain real
If the negotiations face rough going, with Republicans and Democrats locked in a tug-of-war over the plan, and if the deficit-cutting measure ends up being insufficient, credit-rating agencies may still downgrade Treasury bonds, raising fears of adverse effects on the world's markets.
与野党の攻防で協議が難航し、赤字削減が不十分に終わると、格付け会社が米国債の格下げに踏み切る可能性もある。世界の市場に及ぼす影響が懸念される。
The president must exercise leadership in getting the U.S. fiscal house in order.
財政健全化へ、大統領は指導力を発揮しなければならない。
Both houses of Congress also have grave responsibility.
議会の責任も極めて重い。
Meanwhile, the yen's appreciation continues, with the currency in record strong territory of 76 yen to the dollar, causing hardships in the Japanese economy.
一方、円高圧力は続いており、１ドル＝７６円台の歴史的な円高水準は日本にとって厳しい。
The yen's rise puts pressure on the earnings of export-oriented firms, thus hindering Japan's economic recovery. 円高は輸出企業の収益を圧迫し、景気回復の足を引っ張る。
Should Japanese firms accelerate their moves to shift production abroad to cope with the yen's rise, it would bring about a hollowing-out of the nation's industries.
円高対策で海外生産が加速すると、産業空洞化も招く。
We hope Japanese companies will work out better strategies to deal with the excessive rise of the yen.
各企業は国内生産を維持しながら、超円高に対応できる戦略を練ってほしい。
The government should also expand its support to them.
政府も支援を拡充すべきだ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Aug. 2, 2011)
（2011年8月2日01時39分 読売新聞）
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Aug. 2, 2011)
Thorny road ahead for Afghan self-determination
駐留軍撤退開始 厳しいアフガン自立への道（8月1日付・読売社説）
Nation-building efforts in Afghanistan face a major turning point.
新生アフガニスタンの国づくりが大きな転換点を迎えている。
The administration of U.S. President Barack Obama has started withdrawing troops stationed in Afghanistan. オバマ米政権は予定通り、アフガン駐留米軍の撤収を開始した。
European and other countries helping to maintain security in Afghanistan will follow suit in reducing their military presence.
米軍とともに治安維持を担ってきた欧州諸国などの部隊も、これに合わせて人員を削減する。
The transfer of security duties to Afghan forces is under way, with completion targeted for the end of 2014.
駐留軍からアフガン人部隊への治安権限の移譲も始まった。２０１４年末の完了が目標である。
For countries that deployed troops in Afghanistan, the start of troop withdrawals will help them reduce their burdens.
派兵を続けてきた国々には、ようやく負担軽減の道筋が見えてきたと言えよう。
But whether these troops can be pulled out smoothly hinges on the self-sustainability of the Afghan government.
だが、駐留軍が順調に撤退できるかどうかは、アフガン政府の自立にかかっている。
===
Karzai government still fragile
The Afghan administration of President Hamid Karzai, which was established with the backing of the international community, is still vulnerable.
国際社会の肝いりで誕生したカルザイ政権は、今も脆弱(ぜいじゃく)だ。
Improvised explosive devices and gunfire killed 1,462 civilians in the first half of this year, the worst six-month toll on record.
仕掛け爆弾や銃撃による民間人の死者は、今年前半だけで１４６２人と過去最悪を記録した。
Most of the fatalities were laid at the door of the Taliban, who formerly ruled most of the country, and other antigovernment elements.
その大半は、旧支配勢力タリバンなど反政府組織によるものだ。
Karzai's brother, a leading power broker in the country's south where the Taliban forces have strong roots, is among those who have been killed.
Other victims include a close Karzai's aide and an influential mayor.
タリバンが根を張る南部の統治を担ってきたカルザイ大統領の弟や側近、有力市長らが最近、相次いで殺害された。
Before anything else, it is important to bolster public safety capabilities.
何より治安能力の向上が急務である。
A mere 800 U.S. troops were pulled out in July, but 33,000 troops or one-third of the total U.S. forces stationed in Afghanistan will be withdrawn by September next year.
７月の駐留米軍の撤収規模はわずか８００人だったが、来年９月までに、全体の３分の１にあたる３万３０００人が撤収する。
The United States should intensify its training and education efforts to bolster the capabilities of Afghan security forces.
米国はアフガン治安部隊の訓練や養成に対する支援も強化すべきだ。
The U.S. and Afghan administrations have launched reconciliation talks with the Taliban in the belief it will be difficult to completely control the Taliban.
米政府やカルザイ政権は、タリバンとの和解交渉も始めた。タリバンを完全制圧するのは難しいとみたからだろう。
===
Pakistan's cooperation vital
Cooperation from Pakistan, which can exert influence over the Taliban, is indispensable to promote these negotiations.
交渉にはタリバンに影響力を持つパキスタンの協力が不可欠だ。
But U.S.-Pakistan relations, which recently became strained must be improved first.
米国とパキスタンの間には最近、軋轢(あつれき)が生じており、まず両国関係を改善しなければならない。
China and India are expanding their engagement with Afghanistan in the pursuit of mineral resources, while Iran is trying to increase its political influence over the country.
アフガンには今、鉱物資源を狙う中国やインド、影響力拡大を目指すイランが関与を強めている。
The interests of these regional powers threaten to destabilize the fragile country further.
地域大国の利害が、脆弱な国を一段と不安定化させかねない。
Japan, for its part, has cooperated in the reconstruction of Afghanistan by promoting disarmament and hosting an international conference on assistance to the country.
日本は、武装解除の推進や国際支援会議の開催などを通じて、アフガンの復興に協力してきた。
The Maritime Self-Defense Force's refueling operations in the Indian Ocean were discontinued by the Democratic Party of Japan-led government following its inauguration in September 2009.
民主党政権になって、インド洋での給油活動を打ち切った
Instead, the government pledged to provide a staggering 5 billion dollars in civilian assistance over five years.
代わりに、５年間で５０億ドル（約４０００億円）という巨額の民生支援を約束した。
About 1.7 billion dollars has been extended, with Japan covering the salaries for about 130,000 Afghan police officers.
これまでに約１７億ドルを実施したが、支援の一つの柱は警官約１３万人の給与負担である。
However, corruption still pervades the Karzai administration.
だが、カルザイ政権の汚職体質は改善されていない。
For instance, 20 percent of police officers are said to exist only on paper.
警官の２割が“幽霊”だとも言われる。
The Japanese government must ensure that its aid to Afghanistan is being used effectively to rebuild the country.
日本の援助がアフガンの自立と再建に効果的に活用されているのかどうか、日本政府は厳しく検証する必要があろう。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Aug. 1, 2011)
（2011年8月1日01時31分 読売新聞）
Thorny road ahead for Afghan self-determination
駐留軍撤退開始 厳しいアフガン自立への道（8月1日付・読売社説）
Nation-building efforts in Afghanistan face a major turning point.
新生アフガニスタンの国づくりが大きな転換点を迎えている。
The administration of U.S. President Barack Obama has started withdrawing troops stationed in Afghanistan. オバマ米政権は予定通り、アフガン駐留米軍の撤収を開始した。
European and other countries helping to maintain security in Afghanistan will follow suit in reducing their military presence.
米軍とともに治安維持を担ってきた欧州諸国などの部隊も、これに合わせて人員を削減する。
The transfer of security duties to Afghan forces is under way, with completion targeted for the end of 2014.
駐留軍からアフガン人部隊への治安権限の移譲も始まった。２０１４年末の完了が目標である。
For countries that deployed troops in Afghanistan, the start of troop withdrawals will help them reduce their burdens.
派兵を続けてきた国々には、ようやく負担軽減の道筋が見えてきたと言えよう。
But whether these troops can be pulled out smoothly hinges on the self-sustainability of the Afghan government.
だが、駐留軍が順調に撤退できるかどうかは、アフガン政府の自立にかかっている。
===
Karzai government still fragile
The Afghan administration of President Hamid Karzai, which was established with the backing of the international community, is still vulnerable.
国際社会の肝いりで誕生したカルザイ政権は、今も脆弱(ぜいじゃく)だ。
Improvised explosive devices and gunfire killed 1,462 civilians in the first half of this year, the worst six-month toll on record.
仕掛け爆弾や銃撃による民間人の死者は、今年前半だけで１４６２人と過去最悪を記録した。
Most of the fatalities were laid at the door of the Taliban, who formerly ruled most of the country, and other antigovernment elements.
その大半は、旧支配勢力タリバンなど反政府組織によるものだ。
Karzai's brother, a leading power broker in the country's south where the Taliban forces have strong roots, is among those who have been killed.
Other victims include a close Karzai's aide and an influential mayor.
タリバンが根を張る南部の統治を担ってきたカルザイ大統領の弟や側近、有力市長らが最近、相次いで殺害された。
Before anything else, it is important to bolster public safety capabilities.
何より治安能力の向上が急務である。
A mere 800 U.S. troops were pulled out in July, but 33,000 troops or one-third of the total U.S. forces stationed in Afghanistan will be withdrawn by September next year.
７月の駐留米軍の撤収規模はわずか８００人だったが、来年９月までに、全体の３分の１にあたる３万３０００人が撤収する。
The United States should intensify its training and education efforts to bolster the capabilities of Afghan security forces.
米国はアフガン治安部隊の訓練や養成に対する支援も強化すべきだ。
The U.S. and Afghan administrations have launched reconciliation talks with the Taliban in the belief it will be difficult to completely control the Taliban.
米政府やカルザイ政権は、タリバンとの和解交渉も始めた。タリバンを完全制圧するのは難しいとみたからだろう。
===
Pakistan's cooperation vital
Cooperation from Pakistan, which can exert influence over the Taliban, is indispensable to promote these negotiations.
交渉にはタリバンに影響力を持つパキスタンの協力が不可欠だ。
But U.S.-Pakistan relations, which recently became strained must be improved first.
米国とパキスタンの間には最近、軋轢(あつれき)が生じており、まず両国関係を改善しなければならない。
China and India are expanding their engagement with Afghanistan in the pursuit of mineral resources, while Iran is trying to increase its political influence over the country.
アフガンには今、鉱物資源を狙う中国やインド、影響力拡大を目指すイランが関与を強めている。
The interests of these regional powers threaten to destabilize the fragile country further.
地域大国の利害が、脆弱な国を一段と不安定化させかねない。
Japan, for its part, has cooperated in the reconstruction of Afghanistan by promoting disarmament and hosting an international conference on assistance to the country.
日本は、武装解除の推進や国際支援会議の開催などを通じて、アフガンの復興に協力してきた。
The Maritime Self-Defense Force's refueling operations in the Indian Ocean were discontinued by the Democratic Party of Japan-led government following its inauguration in September 2009.
民主党政権になって、インド洋での給油活動を打ち切った
Instead, the government pledged to provide a staggering 5 billion dollars in civilian assistance over five years.
代わりに、５年間で５０億ドル（約４０００億円）という巨額の民生支援を約束した。
About 1.7 billion dollars has been extended, with Japan covering the salaries for about 130,000 Afghan police officers.
これまでに約１７億ドルを実施したが、支援の一つの柱は警官約１３万人の給与負担である。
However, corruption still pervades the Karzai administration.
だが、カルザイ政権の汚職体質は改善されていない。
For instance, 20 percent of police officers are said to exist only on paper.
警官の２割が“幽霊”だとも言われる。
The Japanese government must ensure that its aid to Afghanistan is being used effectively to rebuild the country.
日本の援助がアフガンの自立と再建に効果的に活用されているのかどうか、日本政府は厳しく検証する必要があろう。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Aug. 1, 2011)
（2011年8月1日01時31分 読売新聞）
プロフィール
ＨＮ：
srachai
ＨＰ：
性別：
男性
職業：
civil engineer
趣味：
子育て
自己紹介：
妻はタイ人、娘ばかり３人も！
■近況
２００９年の９月１５日に脳梗塞を発症、右手が少し不自由になりました。
MRAで脳梗塞の部位を特定でき、素早い処置をとれたので大事に至りませんでした。
快復にむけてリハビリ中です。
(2011/01/01更新)
■自己紹介・リンク
[ はじめに ]
タイのスラチャイです。
英語学習に王道はありません。
毎日毎日の地道な努力の積み重ねが必要です。
スラチャイはＮＨＫのラジオ英語会話で現在の英語力を身につけました。
一日僅か１５分の学習でも数年間継続すれば相当な学習効果が期待できます。
[ 名前 ]
松井 清 （スラチャイ）
[ 略歴 ]
・福岡県出身
・国立高知大学卒業
・準大手建設会社に就職
・50歳で会社を早期退職
・99/10 タイ全土を旅行
・00/10 タイに移住
・03/07 カイちゃん誕生
・07/06 シーファーちゃん誕生
・現在タイ国コンケン在住
[ 座右の銘 ]
Slow and steady wins the race.
遅くとも着実な者が勝利する
（NHK基礎英語芹沢栄先生）
[ 学習の手引き ]
・音読して耳から英語を吸収
・Think in English.
・ネイティブ発音付辞書活用
・英英辞典を活用（英和も）
・翻訳和文で専門用語確認
[ English Newspapers ]
Yomiuri
Mainichi
Asahi
Japan Times
Washington Post
Newyork Times
Bangkok Post
The Nations
Phuket Gazette
[ 英字新聞の英和対訳学習 ]
英字新聞（読売）
英字新聞（毎日）
英字新聞（朝日）
英字新聞（朝日２）
[ スラチャイ編集の辞書 ]
タイ日辞書（改訂版）
日タイ辞書（改訂版）
ラオ日辞書
日ラオ辞書
最新記事
(02/09)
(01/22)
(01/22)
(01/09)
(01/08)
(01/01)
(06/21)
(06/12)
(06/10)
(06/06)
カテゴリー
アーカイブ
リンク
家族、リンク、多言語、タイ語
スラチャイの家族紹介
私の家族
スラチャイの手作りリンク集
スラチャイタイ在住９年目
中国語会話基礎（北京語）
タイ日辞典（単語帳）
タイ語の子音
タイ語の母音
スラチャイ編曲のmidiのギター曲
スラチャイ編曲のJ.S.Bachです
スラチャイの多国言語学習
初歩のタイ語
初歩の中国語
初歩のラオス語
初歩のビルマ語
初歩のシンハリ語
初歩のタガログ語
タイ語の基礎
タイ文字
タイ日辞書
タイ語の副詞
タイ語の前置詞
タイ語の助動詞
タイ語の接続詞
基礎タイ語
基礎タイ語一覧（タイ文字、ローマ字）
seesaaサイト内リンク一覧：
01 あいさつ
02 別れのあいさつ
03 声をかけるとき
04 感謝の言葉と答え方
05 謝罪の言葉と答え方
06 聞き直すとき
07 相手の言うことがわからないとき
08 うまく言えないとき
09 一般的なあいづち
10 よくわからないときの返事
11 強めのあいづち
12 自分について述べるとき
13 相手のことを尋ねるとき
14 頼みごとをするとき
15 申し出・依頼を断るとき
16 許可を求めるとき
17 説明してもらうとき
18 確認を求めるとき
19 状況を知りたいとき
20 値段の尋ね方と断り方
21 急いでもらいたいとき
22 待ってもらいたいとき
23 日時・場所・天候を尋ねるとき
24 その他
基礎タイ語一覧(タイ文字、音声付き）
サイト外HPリンク一覧：
01 あいさつ
02 別れのあいさつ
03 声をかけるとき
04 感謝の言葉と答え方
05 謝罪の言葉と答え方
06 聞き直すとき
07 相手の言うことがわからないとき
08 うまく言えないとき
09 一般的なあいづち
10 よくわからないときの返事
11 強めのあいづち
12 自分について述べるとき
13 相手のことを尋ねるとき
14 頼みごとをするとき
15 申し出・依頼を断るとき
16 許可を求めるとき
17 説明してもらうとき
18 確認を求めるとき
19 状況を知りたいとき
20 値段の尋ね方と断り方
21 急いでもらいたいとき
22 待ってもらいたいとき
23 日時・場所・天候を尋ねるとき
24 その他
タイの文化、１４の戒律
タイの文化一覧:
01 雨の日にも傘をささないタイ人
02 勉強熱心なタイ人女性たち
03 タイ人は敬謙な仏教徒
04 タイの市場
05 タイの食堂
06 タイ人は外食が大好き
07 果物王国タイランド
08 タイ人の誕生日
09 タイの電話代は高い
10 微笑みの国タイランド
1４の戒律（テラワーダ仏教戒律）
seesaaサイト内リンク一覧：
第０１番目の戒律
第０２番目の戒律
第０３番目の戒律
第０４番目の戒律
第０５番目の戒律
第０６番目の戒律
第０７番目の戒律
第０８番目の戒律
第０９番目の戒律
第１０番目の戒律
第１１番目の戒律
第１２番目の戒律
第１３番目の戒律
第１４番目の戒律
1４の戒律（テラワーダ仏教戒律）
サイト外HPリンク一覧：
１４の戒律解説
第０１番目の戒律
第０２番目の戒律
第０３番目の戒律
第０４番目の戒律
第０５番目の戒律
第０６番目の戒律
第０７番目の戒律
第０８番目の戒律
第０９番目の戒律
第１０番目の戒律
第１１番目の戒律
第１２番目の戒律
第１３番目の戒律
第１４番目の戒律