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[PR]上記の広告は3ヶ月以上新規記事投稿のないブログに表示されています。新しい記事を書く事で広告が消えます。
--The Asahi Shimbun, Nov. 10
EDITORIAL: Scrap Monju reactor project and use money to develop renewable energies
（社説）行革公開検証 もんじゅが焦点だ
The annual public review of policy programs by the government to identify wasteful spending ends on Nov. 13. For three days, the government’s administrative reform promotion council has been scouring the budgets of ministries and agencies for savings.
各省庁の政策に無駄遣いがないか点検する公開検証が、今年も１１日から３日間、実施される。政府の行政改革推進会議が行う。
The focus of the budget review this year is the Monju prototype fast-breeder reactor.
今回の焦点は、高速増殖炉「もんじゅ」の扱いだ。
The Nuclear Regulation Authority recently recommended that the operator of the troubled-plagued experimental reactor, the government-affiliated Japan Atomic Energy Agency, should be replaced.
もんじゅを巡っては、運営主体の日本原子力研究開発機構が原子力規制委員会から運営を退くよう言い渡されたばかりだ。
Certain expenditures related to the Monju project, mainly state subsidies, were examined in the public review. But the council should take this opportunity to scrutinize all aspects of the controversial project instead of evaluating only the subsidies. We are keen to see the panel demonstrate that continuing the project doesn’t make sense and the reactor should be decommissioned from the viewpoint of administrative reforms.
公開検証では、もんじゅ関連予算の一部である交付金などが対象となっている。しかし、せっかくの機会である。交付金にとどまらずに全体像に切り込んで、行革の面から政策の不合理と廃炉の妥当性を示してほしい。
It is already clear that the Monju project is a financial folly.
もんじゅは、財政面から見ても行き詰まりが明らかになっている。
The construction cost, which was originally estimated at 35 billion yen ($285 million) when the project was in an early planning stage in the 1970s, has ballooned to 1 trillion yen. Although the reactor has been offline for more than 20 years due to a series of accidents and scandals, 20 billion yen is still spent annually, or 50 million yen a day, for maintenance.
７０年代の計画初期段階で３５０億円と見積もられていた建設費は、すでに１兆円規模に達した。事故や不祥事で２０年以上運転できずにいる今も年間約２００億円、１日あたり約５千万円が維持費に消えている。
The maintenance costs of the reactor under the initial budget for the current fiscal year are almost equivalent to the amount (23.8 billion yen) being shelled out to promote renewable energy projects for local power production and consumption.
もんじゅの維持費は、今年度当初予算で見れば、地産地消型の再生可能エネルギー活用への取り組み支援（２３８億円）に匹敵し、
The outlays for the Monju project are far larger than the spending on a demonstration project to build a transmission network for wind power generation (10.5 billion yen) or the appropriation to support research for the development of geothermal power sources (8 billion yen).
風力発電用の送電網整備に向けた実証事業（１０５億円）や地熱発電の開発調査支援（８０億円）を大きく上回る。
Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japan widened the scope of its energy policy to make greater efforts to develop and promote alternative power sources, including renewable energy.
福島での原発事故を経て日本のエネルギー政策は、再エネなど新しい電源の普及・育成にも手を広げはじめた。
Instead of spending a huge amount of taxpayer money to keep Monju alive, the government should use the cash to build a new, cleaner energy future for this nation.
もんじゅの継続に巨費を投じるより、新しいエネルギー社会の構築に費やしてはどうか。
Japan is facing a serious fiscal crunch. The government is drowning in a sea of debt as its welfare spending is surging amid the rapid aging of the nation’s population.
高齢化と巨額の財政赤字を抱えた日本の財政事情は厳しく、
The government has no choice but to raise taxes while cutting its expenditures on social security, education and other programs.
社会保障費や教育費などを切り詰めつつ増税することが避けられない。
It cannot afford the luxury of pouring a hefty sum of money into a questionable nuclear reactor with no prospects for practical operation.
運転の見通しが立たない事業に資金を投入し続ける余裕はないはずだ。
The Monju project has survived for so long despite its troubled history because nobody loses money when the reactor is out of operation.
もんじゅがこれまで存続してきたのは、運転できなくて困る直接の当事者がいないからだ。
When a reactor operated by an electric utility is shut down because of an accident or a scandal, the company will immediately face a rise in costs that hurts its financial standing.
電力会社が保有する原発は、事故や不祥事で発電できなければ、たちまちコストがかさみ経営を圧迫する。
In contrast, Monju is treated as a research reactor, and the national program gets funded almost automatically.
だが、研究炉扱いのもんじゅは、国家事業としてほぼ自動的に予算がつく。
Both the industry ministry and the science and technology ministry, which are in charge of the nuclear power policy, have a clear interest in supporting the continuation of the Monju project.
原子力政策を担当する経済産業省や文部科学省にとっては、続ける姿勢をとり続けたほうがメリットがある。
If this project is terminated, these ministries will be forced to make a sweeping review of the entire nuclear fuel recycling program and tackle the formidable challenge of disposing of plutonium extracted from spent nuclear fuel.
やめるとなれば、核燃サイクル政策全体の見直しを迫られ、使用済み燃料から取り出したプルトニウムの処理にも直面する。
This year’s public budget review is led by Taro Kono, the newly appointed minister in charge of administrative reform who has been a champion of the cause.
今回の公開検証は、行革に熱心な河野太郎氏が担当相だ。
We urge Kono to make the decision to scrap the Monju project as a step to press ahead with meaningful administrative reforms.
もんじゅ廃炉という行革の実を挙げてほしい。
There is definitely no reason for approving annual spending of 20 billion yen as the cost of postponing this decision.
２００億円を先送りのコストとして認める理由はないはずである。
EDITORIAL: Scrap Monju reactor project and use money to develop renewable energies
（社説）行革公開検証 もんじゅが焦点だ
The annual public review of policy programs by the government to identify wasteful spending ends on Nov. 13. For three days, the government’s administrative reform promotion council has been scouring the budgets of ministries and agencies for savings.
各省庁の政策に無駄遣いがないか点検する公開検証が、今年も１１日から３日間、実施される。政府の行政改革推進会議が行う。
The focus of the budget review this year is the Monju prototype fast-breeder reactor.
今回の焦点は、高速増殖炉「もんじゅ」の扱いだ。
The Nuclear Regulation Authority recently recommended that the operator of the troubled-plagued experimental reactor, the government-affiliated Japan Atomic Energy Agency, should be replaced.
もんじゅを巡っては、運営主体の日本原子力研究開発機構が原子力規制委員会から運営を退くよう言い渡されたばかりだ。
Certain expenditures related to the Monju project, mainly state subsidies, were examined in the public review. But the council should take this opportunity to scrutinize all aspects of the controversial project instead of evaluating only the subsidies. We are keen to see the panel demonstrate that continuing the project doesn’t make sense and the reactor should be decommissioned from the viewpoint of administrative reforms.
公開検証では、もんじゅ関連予算の一部である交付金などが対象となっている。しかし、せっかくの機会である。交付金にとどまらずに全体像に切り込んで、行革の面から政策の不合理と廃炉の妥当性を示してほしい。
It is already clear that the Monju project is a financial folly.
もんじゅは、財政面から見ても行き詰まりが明らかになっている。
The construction cost, which was originally estimated at 35 billion yen ($285 million) when the project was in an early planning stage in the 1970s, has ballooned to 1 trillion yen. Although the reactor has been offline for more than 20 years due to a series of accidents and scandals, 20 billion yen is still spent annually, or 50 million yen a day, for maintenance.
７０年代の計画初期段階で３５０億円と見積もられていた建設費は、すでに１兆円規模に達した。事故や不祥事で２０年以上運転できずにいる今も年間約２００億円、１日あたり約５千万円が維持費に消えている。
The maintenance costs of the reactor under the initial budget for the current fiscal year are almost equivalent to the amount (23.8 billion yen) being shelled out to promote renewable energy projects for local power production and consumption.
もんじゅの維持費は、今年度当初予算で見れば、地産地消型の再生可能エネルギー活用への取り組み支援（２３８億円）に匹敵し、
The outlays for the Monju project are far larger than the spending on a demonstration project to build a transmission network for wind power generation (10.5 billion yen) or the appropriation to support research for the development of geothermal power sources (8 billion yen).
風力発電用の送電網整備に向けた実証事業（１０５億円）や地熱発電の開発調査支援（８０億円）を大きく上回る。
Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japan widened the scope of its energy policy to make greater efforts to develop and promote alternative power sources, including renewable energy.
福島での原発事故を経て日本のエネルギー政策は、再エネなど新しい電源の普及・育成にも手を広げはじめた。
Instead of spending a huge amount of taxpayer money to keep Monju alive, the government should use the cash to build a new, cleaner energy future for this nation.
もんじゅの継続に巨費を投じるより、新しいエネルギー社会の構築に費やしてはどうか。
Japan is facing a serious fiscal crunch. The government is drowning in a sea of debt as its welfare spending is surging amid the rapid aging of the nation’s population.
高齢化と巨額の財政赤字を抱えた日本の財政事情は厳しく、
The government has no choice but to raise taxes while cutting its expenditures on social security, education and other programs.
社会保障費や教育費などを切り詰めつつ増税することが避けられない。
It cannot afford the luxury of pouring a hefty sum of money into a questionable nuclear reactor with no prospects for practical operation.
運転の見通しが立たない事業に資金を投入し続ける余裕はないはずだ。
The Monju project has survived for so long despite its troubled history because nobody loses money when the reactor is out of operation.
もんじゅがこれまで存続してきたのは、運転できなくて困る直接の当事者がいないからだ。
When a reactor operated by an electric utility is shut down because of an accident or a scandal, the company will immediately face a rise in costs that hurts its financial standing.
電力会社が保有する原発は、事故や不祥事で発電できなければ、たちまちコストがかさみ経営を圧迫する。
In contrast, Monju is treated as a research reactor, and the national program gets funded almost automatically.
だが、研究炉扱いのもんじゅは、国家事業としてほぼ自動的に予算がつく。
Both the industry ministry and the science and technology ministry, which are in charge of the nuclear power policy, have a clear interest in supporting the continuation of the Monju project.
原子力政策を担当する経済産業省や文部科学省にとっては、続ける姿勢をとり続けたほうがメリットがある。
If this project is terminated, these ministries will be forced to make a sweeping review of the entire nuclear fuel recycling program and tackle the formidable challenge of disposing of plutonium extracted from spent nuclear fuel.
やめるとなれば、核燃サイクル政策全体の見直しを迫られ、使用済み燃料から取り出したプルトニウムの処理にも直面する。
This year’s public budget review is led by Taro Kono, the newly appointed minister in charge of administrative reform who has been a champion of the cause.
今回の公開検証は、行革に熱心な河野太郎氏が担当相だ。
We urge Kono to make the decision to scrap the Monju project as a step to press ahead with meaningful administrative reforms.
もんじゅ廃炉という行革の実を挙げてほしい。
There is definitely no reason for approving annual spending of 20 billion yen as the cost of postponing this decision.
２００億円を先送りのコストとして認める理由はないはずである。
PR
The Yomiuri Shimbun
Japan-U.S. talks on ‘sympathy budget’ must be based on trust in alliance
思いやり予算 日米同盟の信頼損ねぬ議論を
Tokyo should conduct discussions calmly with Washington over its budgetary appropriations for host-nation support to U.S. forces in Japan — known as “omoiyari yosan” (sympathy budget) — because this support is crucial for this country’s security.
日本の安全保障に不可欠な経費負担であり、冷静に議論したい。
Negotiations between Japanese and U.S. governments have gone into high gear over a special treaty to determine Japan’s share of the cost of U.S. forces stationed in this country in fiscal 2016 and thereafter.
２０１６年度以降の在日米軍駐留経費の日本側負担（思いやり予算）を定める特別協定を巡り、日米両政府の交渉が本格化している。
The Japanese side is insisting on a drastic reduction of its burden, but the U.S. side is poised to maintain its demand that the cost be increased by several tens of percents.
日本側が大幅な削減を主張するのに対し、米側は数十％の増額を求めて譲らない構えだ。
The Japanese government wants to conclude the negotiations by the end of this year and have a new draft treaty endorsed by the ordinary Diet session next year.
年末までに交渉を妥結させたうえ、日本政府は来年の通常国会で新協定案の承認を求める。
The sympathy budget made its debut in fiscal 1978. It mainly pays for the development and maintenance of barracks and housing units stipulated under the Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement, and labor costs and some of the expense of lighting, heating and water determined by a special treaty that is renewed every two to five years.
思いやり予算は、１９７８年度から始まった。日米地位協定に基づく隊舎、住宅などの施設整備費と、２～５年ごとに更新される特別協定で定める労務費や、光熱水料の一部負担が柱である。
The sympathy budget in fiscal 2015 is ¥189.9 billion. The budget has been gradually reduced after reaching a peak at ¥275.6 billion in fiscal 1999. But it has tended to level off in recent years.
１５年度の総額は、１８９９億円だ。９９年度の２７５６億円をピークに徐々に減少してきたが、近年は横ばい傾向にある。
In the current negotiations with the United States, Japan is requesting the abolition or reduction of the labor costs for employees at movie theaters and other entertainment facilities within U.S. bases, as well as expenses for lighting, heating and water because of the country’s difficult fiscal situation and the recent depreciation of the yen.
日本側は今回の交渉で、基地内の映画館など娯楽施設従業員の労務費や、光熱水料の廃止・縮減を求めている。厳しい財政事情や円安傾向が続いているためだ。
Bases key for security
Japan’s share of the burden will certainly increase in the future due to realignment of U.S. forces stationed in the country such as the transfer of U.S. marines in Okinawa Prefecture to Guam.
在沖縄海兵隊のグアム移転など在日米軍再編に伴う日本側の財政負担は今後、確実に増加する。
Formulation of new Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation and development of the new security-related laws will lead to the Self-Defense Forces expanding activities conducted jointly with U.S. forces. Japan uses this as one of the reasons for demanding a reduction of its cost burden.
新たな日米防衛協力の指針（ガイドライン）の策定や安全保障関連法の整備により、自衛隊の米軍協力の余地も広がる。これらも、減額要求の理由としている。
It is a matter of course for the government to try to eliminate wasteful spending in reducing the amount it pays for U.S. forces stationed in Japan and to rationalize use of the sympathy budget.
駐留経費の無駄遣いを排除するとともに、予算の使途の合理化を図るのは当然のことだ。
However, U.S. forces stationed in Japan are a foundation of the Japan-U.S. alliance. Therefore, it is significant to maintain quality of life for U.S. military personnel.
ただ、米軍の駐留は、日米同盟の根幹である。米兵の「生活の質」を維持することも重要だ。
Washington has reportedly cited reduction of its defense spending and the arms buildup due to its rebalancing effort to Asia as reasons for demanding an increase in Japan’s burden.
米側は、増額要求の理由として、国防費の削減や、アジア重視のリバランス（再均衡）政策に伴う軍備増強を挙げているという。
North Korea’s nuclear development and China’s maritime advances have made the security environment surrounding Japan increasingly volatile. The significance of the deterrence provided by U.S. forces in Japan is certainly increasing.
北朝鮮の核開発や、中国の海洋進出などで、日本を取り巻く安全保障環境は厳しさを増している。在日米軍の抑止力の重要性が高まっているのは確かだ。
Also, U.S. forces in Japan are in effect a public asset for the Asia-Pacific region. It was a U.S. Aegis-equipped destroyer based at Yokosuka Naval Base that sailed within 12 nautical miles of at least one of China’s artificial islands in the South China Sea.
在日米軍はアジア太平洋地域の公共財という側面もある。南シナ海で中国の人工島の１２カイリ内を航行したのは、米軍横須賀基地配備のイージス駆逐艦だった。
The government has shouldered part of the costs for U.S. forces in Japan not out of “sympathy.” They are necessary costs to secure peace and stability of Japan and in its neighboring region, and a fair share of responsibility as a U.S. ally.
在日米軍経費の一部を日本が負担するのは、「思いやり」ではない。日本と地域の平和と安定を確保するための必要経費であり、同盟国としての責任の分担だ。
The negotiations for the current treaty from fiscal 2011 to fiscal 2015 experienced rough going, too, because of the vast difference between assertions made by Japan and the United States. But they finally agreed to maintain the status quo.
１１～１５年度の現協定の交渉も双方の主張の隔たりが大きく、難航したが、最終的に現状維持で折り合った。
Tokyo and Washington must search for common ground by negotiating with each other based on how important this alliance is.
日米両政府は、同盟関係の重要性を踏まえて交渉し、着地点を探ることが大切である。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 7, 2015)
Japan-U.S. talks on ‘sympathy budget’ must be based on trust in alliance
思いやり予算 日米同盟の信頼損ねぬ議論を
Tokyo should conduct discussions calmly with Washington over its budgetary appropriations for host-nation support to U.S. forces in Japan — known as “omoiyari yosan” (sympathy budget) — because this support is crucial for this country’s security.
日本の安全保障に不可欠な経費負担であり、冷静に議論したい。
Negotiations between Japanese and U.S. governments have gone into high gear over a special treaty to determine Japan’s share of the cost of U.S. forces stationed in this country in fiscal 2016 and thereafter.
２０１６年度以降の在日米軍駐留経費の日本側負担（思いやり予算）を定める特別協定を巡り、日米両政府の交渉が本格化している。
The Japanese side is insisting on a drastic reduction of its burden, but the U.S. side is poised to maintain its demand that the cost be increased by several tens of percents.
日本側が大幅な削減を主張するのに対し、米側は数十％の増額を求めて譲らない構えだ。
The Japanese government wants to conclude the negotiations by the end of this year and have a new draft treaty endorsed by the ordinary Diet session next year.
年末までに交渉を妥結させたうえ、日本政府は来年の通常国会で新協定案の承認を求める。
The sympathy budget made its debut in fiscal 1978. It mainly pays for the development and maintenance of barracks and housing units stipulated under the Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement, and labor costs and some of the expense of lighting, heating and water determined by a special treaty that is renewed every two to five years.
思いやり予算は、１９７８年度から始まった。日米地位協定に基づく隊舎、住宅などの施設整備費と、２～５年ごとに更新される特別協定で定める労務費や、光熱水料の一部負担が柱である。
The sympathy budget in fiscal 2015 is ¥189.9 billion. The budget has been gradually reduced after reaching a peak at ¥275.6 billion in fiscal 1999. But it has tended to level off in recent years.
１５年度の総額は、１８９９億円だ。９９年度の２７５６億円をピークに徐々に減少してきたが、近年は横ばい傾向にある。
In the current negotiations with the United States, Japan is requesting the abolition or reduction of the labor costs for employees at movie theaters and other entertainment facilities within U.S. bases, as well as expenses for lighting, heating and water because of the country’s difficult fiscal situation and the recent depreciation of the yen.
日本側は今回の交渉で、基地内の映画館など娯楽施設従業員の労務費や、光熱水料の廃止・縮減を求めている。厳しい財政事情や円安傾向が続いているためだ。
Bases key for security
Japan’s share of the burden will certainly increase in the future due to realignment of U.S. forces stationed in the country such as the transfer of U.S. marines in Okinawa Prefecture to Guam.
在沖縄海兵隊のグアム移転など在日米軍再編に伴う日本側の財政負担は今後、確実に増加する。
Formulation of new Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation and development of the new security-related laws will lead to the Self-Defense Forces expanding activities conducted jointly with U.S. forces. Japan uses this as one of the reasons for demanding a reduction of its cost burden.
新たな日米防衛協力の指針（ガイドライン）の策定や安全保障関連法の整備により、自衛隊の米軍協力の余地も広がる。これらも、減額要求の理由としている。
It is a matter of course for the government to try to eliminate wasteful spending in reducing the amount it pays for U.S. forces stationed in Japan and to rationalize use of the sympathy budget.
駐留経費の無駄遣いを排除するとともに、予算の使途の合理化を図るのは当然のことだ。
However, U.S. forces stationed in Japan are a foundation of the Japan-U.S. alliance. Therefore, it is significant to maintain quality of life for U.S. military personnel.
ただ、米軍の駐留は、日米同盟の根幹である。米兵の「生活の質」を維持することも重要だ。
Washington has reportedly cited reduction of its defense spending and the arms buildup due to its rebalancing effort to Asia as reasons for demanding an increase in Japan’s burden.
米側は、増額要求の理由として、国防費の削減や、アジア重視のリバランス（再均衡）政策に伴う軍備増強を挙げているという。
North Korea’s nuclear development and China’s maritime advances have made the security environment surrounding Japan increasingly volatile. The significance of the deterrence provided by U.S. forces in Japan is certainly increasing.
北朝鮮の核開発や、中国の海洋進出などで、日本を取り巻く安全保障環境は厳しさを増している。在日米軍の抑止力の重要性が高まっているのは確かだ。
Also, U.S. forces in Japan are in effect a public asset for the Asia-Pacific region. It was a U.S. Aegis-equipped destroyer based at Yokosuka Naval Base that sailed within 12 nautical miles of at least one of China’s artificial islands in the South China Sea.
在日米軍はアジア太平洋地域の公共財という側面もある。南シナ海で中国の人工島の１２カイリ内を航行したのは、米軍横須賀基地配備のイージス駆逐艦だった。
The government has shouldered part of the costs for U.S. forces in Japan not out of “sympathy.” They are necessary costs to secure peace and stability of Japan and in its neighboring region, and a fair share of responsibility as a U.S. ally.
在日米軍経費の一部を日本が負担するのは、「思いやり」ではない。日本と地域の平和と安定を確保するための必要経費であり、同盟国としての責任の分担だ。
The negotiations for the current treaty from fiscal 2011 to fiscal 2015 experienced rough going, too, because of the vast difference between assertions made by Japan and the United States. But they finally agreed to maintain the status quo.
１１～１５年度の現協定の交渉も双方の主張の隔たりが大きく、難航したが、最終的に現状維持で折り合った。
Tokyo and Washington must search for common ground by negotiating with each other based on how important this alliance is.
日米両政府は、同盟関係の重要性を踏まえて交渉し、着地点を探ることが大切である。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Nov. 7, 2015)
--The Asahi Shimbun, Oct. 30
EDITORIAL: Japan's cherished values apparently don't apply to Okinawa
（社説）辺野古、本体工事着手 埋め立て強行は許されぬ
How long does the central government intend to continue the history of discriminatory treatment against Okinawa?
政府はいつまで、沖縄に差別的な歴史を強いるのか。
The government on Oct. 29 started the main part of land reclamation work in the Henoko district of Nago, Okinawa Prefecture, to build a new U.S. air base to replace the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma in Ginowan, a crowded city in the southernmost prefecture.
米軍普天間飛行場の移設先、名護市辺野古で政府は、埋め立ての本体工事に着手した。
We cannot help but cast serious doubt on the way the Abe administration has been forging ahead with its plan to build the base, paying little attention to the voices of many people in Okinawa who have clearly rejected the plan.
新基地建設に「ＮＯ」という多くの沖縄県民の声に耳を傾けようとせず、一連の手続きを強行する安倍政権の姿勢に、深刻な疑問を感じざるを得ない。
The administration is running roughshod over Okinawan people’s will and human rights.
沖縄県民の人権と民意がないがしろにされている。
At the same time, the situation raises some serious questions about the moral standards of this nation, which keeps forcing Okinawa, only a small part of it, to bear an unfairly excessive burden for national security.
同時に、沖縄という一地域に過度の負担を押しつける、この国のあり方が問われている。
Reasons for Okinawa’s rejection of Henoko plan
■沖縄の「ＮＯ」の理由
We again urge the administration to immediately stop the construction work in Henoko and hold serious talks with the Okinawa prefectural government over the issue.
政府に改めて求める。工事を速やかに中止し、県と話し合いの場をもつべきだ。
Let us look back again on Okinawa’s history from the viewpoint of Okinawa’s people.
いま一度、沖縄県民の心情に寄り添ってみたい。
In the closing days of the Pacific War, Okinawa became a scene of a devastating ground battle that killed a quarter of the local population. Okinawa was used as a “sacrifice” for the defense of mainland Japan.
太平洋戦争末期、沖縄は県民の４人に１人が犠牲になる痛ましい地上戦を経験した。本土防衛の「捨て石」とされたのだ。
For many years after the end of the war, Okinawa was excluded from the benefits of Japan’s postwar Constitution, which espouses pacifism and guarantees basic human rights. The U.S. military, which ruled Okinawa with an iron fist, took land from local residents forcefully with “bayonet and bulldozer” and built bases around the prefecture.
その沖縄は戦後、平和主義や基本的人権を保障した日本国憲法から隔絶された。米軍統治のもと、「銃剣とブルドーザー」で土地を奪われ、強権的な支配のなかで米軍基地が広がる。
Forty-three years since Okinawa’s long-awaited reversion to Japanese sovereignty, the prefecture, which constitutes only 0.6 percent of national land, is still home to 73.8 percent of the facilities used exclusively by the U.S. military in Japan.
念願の本土復帰から４３年。今なお、国土の０・６％の沖縄に全国の７３・８％もの米軍専用施設を抱えている。
Seven decades since the end of World War II, no other area in the world hosts as many foreign military bases.
戦後７０年たつのに、これほど他国軍の基地が集中する地域が世界のどこにあろうか。
Okinawa has been continuously plagued by accidents, crimes, noise and other problems related to U.S. bases. This is the grim reality of Okinawa.
度重なる事故や犯罪、騒音などの基地被害に脅かされ続けてもいる。それが沖縄の現実である。
Despite all of this, Okinawa Governor Takeshi Onaga doesn’t deny the importance of Japan’s security alliance with the United States. Nor does he demand that the United States return its Kadena Air Base, which is important for deterrence provided by the U.S. forces.
それでも、翁長雄志知事は日米同盟の重要性を否定していない。抑止力で重要な米空軍嘉手納基地の返還も求めていない。
Onaga and people in Okinawa are saying “no” to the government’s blatant attempt to force Okinawa to accept a new U.S. military base despite the prefecture’s long history of suffering from the heavy U.S. military presence.
こうした歴史をたどってきた沖縄に、さらに「新たな基地建設」を押し付けようとする。そんな政府の姿勢に「ＮＯ」の声を上げているのだ。
Once a new base with state-of-the-art military facilities is built in Henoko, it will be hard to get it removed. It is quite likely to become a permanent base.
辺野古に最新鋭の基地が造られれば、撤去は難しい。恒久的な基地になりかねない。
Listen to the voices of the people
■民意に耳を傾けよ
The will of people in Okinawa to reject the planned new base was made indisputably clear in a series of elections last year. Candidates opposed to the Futenma relocation plan won in the Nago mayoral election in January, the Okinawa gubernatorial poll in November and in all of Okinawa’s four single-seat constituencies in the Dec. 14 Lower House election.
それに「ＮＯ」を告げる沖縄の民意は、昨年の名護市長選、県知事選、総選挙の四つの小選挙区で反対派が相次いで勝利したことで明らかである。
But the series of actions taken by the Abe administration to build the new base makes it hard to believe that the administration has any serious interest in listening to the voices of people in Okinawa.
政府にとって沖縄の民意は、耳を傾ける対象ではないのか。着工に向けた一連の手続きにも、強い疑問を禁じ得ない。
To override Onaga’s decision to revoke approval of land reclamation work for the Henoko project, the Defense Ministry’s Okinawa bureau resorted to the administrative complaint investigation system to request a temporary injunction against Onaga’s move. The land minister, a member of the same government, on Oct. 27 issued the requested injunction.
翁長知事による埋め立て承認の取り消しに対し、沖縄防衛局は行政不服審査制度を使い、同じ政府内の国土交通相が取り消し処分の執行停止を認めた。
The system is originally designed to provide relief to private individuals who have suffered damage from actions by administrative organizations.
この制度はそもそも、行政機関から不利益処分を受けた「私人」の救済が趣旨である。
How can the Defense Ministry’s local bureau qualify as a “private individual?” Is it reasonable for the land minister, a member of the Cabinet, to decide on a dispute between the central government and a prefectural government? There is serious doubt about the fairness of this step.
防衛局は「私人」なのか。政府と県の対立を、政府内の国土交通相が裁くのが妥当なのか。公正性に大きな疑問符がつく。
At the same time, the Abe administration has also embarked on the procedures for administrative substitute execution under the local government law in an attempt to disempower the prefectural government.
政府は同時に、地方自治法に基づく代執行手続きにも着手し、知事の権限を奪おうとしている。
The administration’s confrontational attitude indicates that it has no intention to try to find common ground with the prefecture.
その対決姿勢からは、県と接点を探ろうという意思が感じられない。
As a point to note for the Okinawa governor’s permission for land reclamation in Henoko, talks are supposed to be held between the central government and the prefectural government before the main part of the work begins.
The administration has said repeatedly that the talks are already over, turning a deaf ear to the prefectural government’s claim that they are not.
埋め立て承認の留意事項として本体着工前に行うことになっている事前協議についても、政府は「協議は終わった」と繰り返し、「終わっていない」という県の主張を聞こうとしない。
In addition, the administration has announced its decision to provide state subsidies for local development directly to the three districts of Kushi, Henoko and Toyohara in Nago, collectively known as the “Three Kube Districts,” bypassing the governments of Okinawa Prefecture and Nago.
さらに政府は名護市の久志、辺野古、豊原の「久辺３区」に対し、県や市の頭越しに振興費を直接支出するという。
Do all these facts mean the administration intends to simply ignore the opinions and intentions of the prefectural and municipal governments, which are opposed to the Henoko base plan? Does the Abe administration think only areas that support its policy constitute the nation it serves?
辺野古移設に反対する県や市は無視すればいい、そういうことなのか。自らの意向に沿う地域だけが、安倍政権にとっての「日本」なのか。
During the one-month intensive talks between Tokyo and Okinawa over the issue held this summer, the administration did little more than let the prefectural government say what it had to say.
この夏に行われた１カ月の政府と県の集中協議も、結局は、県の主張を聞き置くだけに終わった。
Given that the administration later switched to a hard-line stance toward the prefecture, it is hard to deny that the talks were only intended as a means to buy time for enacting national security legislation.
その後、政府が強硬姿勢に一変したことを見れば、やはり安保関連法を通すための時間稼ぎにすぎなかったと言わざるを得ない。
Japan’s integrity called into question
■日本が問われている
Removing the danger posed by the Funtenma air base is the usual refrain used by the government to justify its plan to build a new base in Henoko.
「普天間飛行場の危険性を除去する」。政府はいつもそう繰り返す。
When the United States considered curtailing and consolidating its military bases in Okinawa, however, the Japanese government showed reluctance in supporting the idea.
しかし、かつて米国で在沖米海兵隊などの整理・縮小案が浮上した際、慎重姿勢を示したのは日本政府だった。
Nineteen years have passed since the 1996 agreement between Tokyo and Washington on the return of the Futenma base to Japan. Its original purpose was to ease the burden borne by Okinawa.
９６年の普天間返還の日米合意から１９年。本来の目的は、沖縄の負担軽減のためだった。
To achieve the purpose, the government should first make all-out efforts to deliver on its promise to former Okinawa Governor Hirokazu Nakaima that the operations of the Futenma base will be terminated within five years.
そのために、まず政府がなすべきは、安倍首相が仲井真弘多（ひろかず）・前知事に約束した「５年以内の運用停止」の実現に向けて全力を傾けることではないか。
The United States has been taking steps to deal with a major cut in its Marine Corps troops stationed in Okinawa, such as planning a transfer of thousands of Marines from Okinawa to Guam and rotational deployments to Hawaii and Australia.
米国は、在沖海兵隊のグアム移転や、ハワイ、豪州などへの巡回配備で対応を進めている。
The situation argues for Japan’s fresh efforts to reassess its official position that the relocation of the Futenma base to Henoko is the only possible option and explore an alternative way through a major review of all factors underlying its security strategy for the entire region, including the supposed necessity of a new facility to take over the functions of the Futenma base.
その現状を見れば、「辺野古移設が唯一の解決策」という固定観念をまずリセットし、地域全体の戦略を再考するなかで、代替施設の必要性も含めて「第三の道」を模索すべきだ。
The will of the people in one prefecture has been continuously ignored. As a democratic country, Japan must not overlook this reality.
ひとつの県の民意が無視され続けている。民主主義国として、この現実を見過ごすことはできない。
Is Japan really a nation that respects human rights? Is it a nation where people can influence the future of their own communities?
日本は人権を重んじる国なのか。地域の将来に、自分たちの意思を反映させられる国なのか――。
The question posed by the Futenma dispute is whether Japan, our nation, is a country that cherishes universal values.
私たちの日本が、普遍的な価値観を大事にする国であるのかどうか。そこが問われている。
EDITORIAL: Japan's cherished values apparently don't apply to Okinawa
（社説）辺野古、本体工事着手 埋め立て強行は許されぬ
How long does the central government intend to continue the history of discriminatory treatment against Okinawa?
政府はいつまで、沖縄に差別的な歴史を強いるのか。
The government on Oct. 29 started the main part of land reclamation work in the Henoko district of Nago, Okinawa Prefecture, to build a new U.S. air base to replace the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma in Ginowan, a crowded city in the southernmost prefecture.
米軍普天間飛行場の移設先、名護市辺野古で政府は、埋め立ての本体工事に着手した。
We cannot help but cast serious doubt on the way the Abe administration has been forging ahead with its plan to build the base, paying little attention to the voices of many people in Okinawa who have clearly rejected the plan.
新基地建設に「ＮＯ」という多くの沖縄県民の声に耳を傾けようとせず、一連の手続きを強行する安倍政権の姿勢に、深刻な疑問を感じざるを得ない。
The administration is running roughshod over Okinawan people’s will and human rights.
沖縄県民の人権と民意がないがしろにされている。
At the same time, the situation raises some serious questions about the moral standards of this nation, which keeps forcing Okinawa, only a small part of it, to bear an unfairly excessive burden for national security.
同時に、沖縄という一地域に過度の負担を押しつける、この国のあり方が問われている。
Reasons for Okinawa’s rejection of Henoko plan
■沖縄の「ＮＯ」の理由
We again urge the administration to immediately stop the construction work in Henoko and hold serious talks with the Okinawa prefectural government over the issue.
政府に改めて求める。工事を速やかに中止し、県と話し合いの場をもつべきだ。
Let us look back again on Okinawa’s history from the viewpoint of Okinawa’s people.
いま一度、沖縄県民の心情に寄り添ってみたい。
In the closing days of the Pacific War, Okinawa became a scene of a devastating ground battle that killed a quarter of the local population. Okinawa was used as a “sacrifice” for the defense of mainland Japan.
太平洋戦争末期、沖縄は県民の４人に１人が犠牲になる痛ましい地上戦を経験した。本土防衛の「捨て石」とされたのだ。
For many years after the end of the war, Okinawa was excluded from the benefits of Japan’s postwar Constitution, which espouses pacifism and guarantees basic human rights. The U.S. military, which ruled Okinawa with an iron fist, took land from local residents forcefully with “bayonet and bulldozer” and built bases around the prefecture.
その沖縄は戦後、平和主義や基本的人権を保障した日本国憲法から隔絶された。米軍統治のもと、「銃剣とブルドーザー」で土地を奪われ、強権的な支配のなかで米軍基地が広がる。
Forty-three years since Okinawa’s long-awaited reversion to Japanese sovereignty, the prefecture, which constitutes only 0.6 percent of national land, is still home to 73.8 percent of the facilities used exclusively by the U.S. military in Japan.
念願の本土復帰から４３年。今なお、国土の０・６％の沖縄に全国の７３・８％もの米軍専用施設を抱えている。
Seven decades since the end of World War II, no other area in the world hosts as many foreign military bases.
戦後７０年たつのに、これほど他国軍の基地が集中する地域が世界のどこにあろうか。
Okinawa has been continuously plagued by accidents, crimes, noise and other problems related to U.S. bases. This is the grim reality of Okinawa.
度重なる事故や犯罪、騒音などの基地被害に脅かされ続けてもいる。それが沖縄の現実である。
Despite all of this, Okinawa Governor Takeshi Onaga doesn’t deny the importance of Japan’s security alliance with the United States. Nor does he demand that the United States return its Kadena Air Base, which is important for deterrence provided by the U.S. forces.
それでも、翁長雄志知事は日米同盟の重要性を否定していない。抑止力で重要な米空軍嘉手納基地の返還も求めていない。
Onaga and people in Okinawa are saying “no” to the government’s blatant attempt to force Okinawa to accept a new U.S. military base despite the prefecture’s long history of suffering from the heavy U.S. military presence.
こうした歴史をたどってきた沖縄に、さらに「新たな基地建設」を押し付けようとする。そんな政府の姿勢に「ＮＯ」の声を上げているのだ。
Once a new base with state-of-the-art military facilities is built in Henoko, it will be hard to get it removed. It is quite likely to become a permanent base.
辺野古に最新鋭の基地が造られれば、撤去は難しい。恒久的な基地になりかねない。
Listen to the voices of the people
■民意に耳を傾けよ
The will of people in Okinawa to reject the planned new base was made indisputably clear in a series of elections last year. Candidates opposed to the Futenma relocation plan won in the Nago mayoral election in January, the Okinawa gubernatorial poll in November and in all of Okinawa’s four single-seat constituencies in the Dec. 14 Lower House election.
それに「ＮＯ」を告げる沖縄の民意は、昨年の名護市長選、県知事選、総選挙の四つの小選挙区で反対派が相次いで勝利したことで明らかである。
But the series of actions taken by the Abe administration to build the new base makes it hard to believe that the administration has any serious interest in listening to the voices of people in Okinawa.
政府にとって沖縄の民意は、耳を傾ける対象ではないのか。着工に向けた一連の手続きにも、強い疑問を禁じ得ない。
To override Onaga’s decision to revoke approval of land reclamation work for the Henoko project, the Defense Ministry’s Okinawa bureau resorted to the administrative complaint investigation system to request a temporary injunction against Onaga’s move. The land minister, a member of the same government, on Oct. 27 issued the requested injunction.
翁長知事による埋め立て承認の取り消しに対し、沖縄防衛局は行政不服審査制度を使い、同じ政府内の国土交通相が取り消し処分の執行停止を認めた。
The system is originally designed to provide relief to private individuals who have suffered damage from actions by administrative organizations.
この制度はそもそも、行政機関から不利益処分を受けた「私人」の救済が趣旨である。
How can the Defense Ministry’s local bureau qualify as a “private individual?” Is it reasonable for the land minister, a member of the Cabinet, to decide on a dispute between the central government and a prefectural government? There is serious doubt about the fairness of this step.
防衛局は「私人」なのか。政府と県の対立を、政府内の国土交通相が裁くのが妥当なのか。公正性に大きな疑問符がつく。
At the same time, the Abe administration has also embarked on the procedures for administrative substitute execution under the local government law in an attempt to disempower the prefectural government.
政府は同時に、地方自治法に基づく代執行手続きにも着手し、知事の権限を奪おうとしている。
The administration’s confrontational attitude indicates that it has no intention to try to find common ground with the prefecture.
その対決姿勢からは、県と接点を探ろうという意思が感じられない。
As a point to note for the Okinawa governor’s permission for land reclamation in Henoko, talks are supposed to be held between the central government and the prefectural government before the main part of the work begins.
The administration has said repeatedly that the talks are already over, turning a deaf ear to the prefectural government’s claim that they are not.
埋め立て承認の留意事項として本体着工前に行うことになっている事前協議についても、政府は「協議は終わった」と繰り返し、「終わっていない」という県の主張を聞こうとしない。
In addition, the administration has announced its decision to provide state subsidies for local development directly to the three districts of Kushi, Henoko and Toyohara in Nago, collectively known as the “Three Kube Districts,” bypassing the governments of Okinawa Prefecture and Nago.
さらに政府は名護市の久志、辺野古、豊原の「久辺３区」に対し、県や市の頭越しに振興費を直接支出するという。
Do all these facts mean the administration intends to simply ignore the opinions and intentions of the prefectural and municipal governments, which are opposed to the Henoko base plan? Does the Abe administration think only areas that support its policy constitute the nation it serves?
辺野古移設に反対する県や市は無視すればいい、そういうことなのか。自らの意向に沿う地域だけが、安倍政権にとっての「日本」なのか。
During the one-month intensive talks between Tokyo and Okinawa over the issue held this summer, the administration did little more than let the prefectural government say what it had to say.
この夏に行われた１カ月の政府と県の集中協議も、結局は、県の主張を聞き置くだけに終わった。
Given that the administration later switched to a hard-line stance toward the prefecture, it is hard to deny that the talks were only intended as a means to buy time for enacting national security legislation.
その後、政府が強硬姿勢に一変したことを見れば、やはり安保関連法を通すための時間稼ぎにすぎなかったと言わざるを得ない。
Japan’s integrity called into question
■日本が問われている
Removing the danger posed by the Funtenma air base is the usual refrain used by the government to justify its plan to build a new base in Henoko.
「普天間飛行場の危険性を除去する」。政府はいつもそう繰り返す。
When the United States considered curtailing and consolidating its military bases in Okinawa, however, the Japanese government showed reluctance in supporting the idea.
しかし、かつて米国で在沖米海兵隊などの整理・縮小案が浮上した際、慎重姿勢を示したのは日本政府だった。
Nineteen years have passed since the 1996 agreement between Tokyo and Washington on the return of the Futenma base to Japan. Its original purpose was to ease the burden borne by Okinawa.
９６年の普天間返還の日米合意から１９年。本来の目的は、沖縄の負担軽減のためだった。
To achieve the purpose, the government should first make all-out efforts to deliver on its promise to former Okinawa Governor Hirokazu Nakaima that the operations of the Futenma base will be terminated within five years.
そのために、まず政府がなすべきは、安倍首相が仲井真弘多（ひろかず）・前知事に約束した「５年以内の運用停止」の実現に向けて全力を傾けることではないか。
The United States has been taking steps to deal with a major cut in its Marine Corps troops stationed in Okinawa, such as planning a transfer of thousands of Marines from Okinawa to Guam and rotational deployments to Hawaii and Australia.
米国は、在沖海兵隊のグアム移転や、ハワイ、豪州などへの巡回配備で対応を進めている。
The situation argues for Japan’s fresh efforts to reassess its official position that the relocation of the Futenma base to Henoko is the only possible option and explore an alternative way through a major review of all factors underlying its security strategy for the entire region, including the supposed necessity of a new facility to take over the functions of the Futenma base.
その現状を見れば、「辺野古移設が唯一の解決策」という固定観念をまずリセットし、地域全体の戦略を再考するなかで、代替施設の必要性も含めて「第三の道」を模索すべきだ。
The will of the people in one prefecture has been continuously ignored. As a democratic country, Japan must not overlook this reality.
ひとつの県の民意が無視され続けている。民主主義国として、この現実を見過ごすことはできない。
Is Japan really a nation that respects human rights? Is it a nation where people can influence the future of their own communities?
日本は人権を重んじる国なのか。地域の将来に、自分たちの意思を反映させられる国なのか――。
The question posed by the Futenma dispute is whether Japan, our nation, is a country that cherishes universal values.
私たちの日本が、普遍的な価値観を大事にする国であるのかどうか。そこが問われている。
October 21, 2015 (Mainichi Japan)
Editorial: Company donations put fairness of Okinawa environmental watchdog in doubt
社説：辺野古環境委 公正に監視できるのか
Three members of an expert panel tasked with monitoring the environmental impact of construction work off the Henoko district of Nago for the planned relocation of U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma received donations from contractors involved in the project.
沖縄県の米軍普天間飛行場の辺野古移設計画をめぐり、工事が環境に与える影響を監視するため設けられた専門家委員会の委員が、受注業者から寄付金を受け取っていた。
Of the 13 members on the panel, Yokohama National University graduate school professor and panel chair Yoshiyuki Nakamura, along with two others, were found to have accepted donations between 500,000 yen and 8 million yen each following their appointments to the body.
受領が判明したのは、委員１３人のうち、委員長の中村由行（よしゆき）・横浜国立大大学院教授ら３人。委員就任の決定後にそれぞれ５０万円から８００万円が渡っていた。
The donations were given by contractors for the relocation project and an environmental consulting firm, the latter of which now runs the day-to-day office functions of the panel.
寄付金を出したのは、移設事業を受注した建設会社や環境コンサルタント会社だ。委員会の運営業務もコンサル会社が請け負っていた。
The previous Okinawa governor, Hirokazu Nakaima, requested the formation of the expert panel in December 2013 as a condition for approving landfill work off Henoko. The Defense Ministry then established the environmental oversight committee in April the following year. The panel is tasked with providing scientific and technical advice to the Defense Ministry on environmental protection, and is responsible for environmental reviews of a drilling survey at the Henoko site -- a preliminary step to the land reclamation work -- all the way through a post-construction survey.
委員会は、沖縄県の仲井真弘多（ひろかず）前知事が２０１３年１２月に辺野古埋め立てを承認した際に条件として求め、防衛省が１４年４月に環境監視委員会として設置した。環境保全について、同省に科学的・専門的助言をするのが目的だ。現在の準備段階から、本体工事が完了した後の事後調査まで担当する。
When the Okinawa Prefectural Government pointed to the possibility that large concrete blocks that the Defense Ministry sank into the waters off the Henoko coast for a seabed survey had destroyed coral reefs, and demanded a halt to the work this past spring, the expert panel stated that the impact of the seabed survey on the reefs was "minimal." The committee played an important role as a source of expert opinion.
今春、防衛省が移設作業のため辺野古の海底に沈めた大型ブロックがサンゴ礁を損傷した可能性が高いと沖縄県が指摘し、作業停止を求めた際は、委員会が「サンゴ礁全体への影響は軽微」との見解を示すなど、重要な役割を果たした。
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga has said that the government sees no problem in the three panel members receiving donations from companies involved in the base relocation work, insisting, "The panel is being managed in a fair and just manner." The panel members also claim that the donations have not affected the body's discussions and judgment.
３委員の寄付金受領について、菅義偉官房長官は「公平公正に委員会は行われている」として、委員会の運営に問題はなかったとの考えを示す。委員らも、委員会での議論や判断に影響はなかったとしている。
Even if the truth is as Suga and the committee members have claimed, however, the situation has unfolded in the midst of the controversial U.S. base relocation plan, which has developed into a very public clash between the central and Okinawa governments. Members of the expert panel should not have accepted money that could have been seen as suspicious in any way. As an old Chinese proverb says, "If you don't want to be mistaken as stealing a plum, you should not adjust your crown under a plum tree," i.e. don't leave any room for scandal or doubt.
菅氏や委員が言う通りだったとしても、政府と県の主張が鋭く対立する辺野古移設問題が舞台である。委員は疑いを持たれるようなカネを受け取るべきではない。「李下（りか）に冠を正さず」だ。
University of the Ryukyus professor emeritus Seiji Azuma, vice chairman of the expert committee, told the Mainichi Shimbun that most of the panel members from mainland Japan have no experience in environmental research in Okinawa.
副委員長の東（あずま）清二・琉球大名誉教授は毎日新聞の取材に「本土から来た委員は、沖縄の環境調査を一度もしたことがない人ばかり。
"I'm dubious of their ability to conduct environmental monitoring in Okinawa. The central government is probably looking to go ahead and build the new base with a green light from the panel," Azuma added, casting doubt on the purpose of the committee itself.
どうやって沖縄の環境を監視できるのか疑問だ。委員会のお墨付きを得て基地を造るのが本音だろう」と委員会そのものへの疑問を語る。
Okinawa Gov. Takeshi Onaga revoked his predecessor's approval for the land reclamation work off Henoko last week. However, the central government is trying high-handedly to push ahead with the landfill work, and the conflict between the two sides has heightened. If the committee remains a group tailor-made to endorse the central government's plans, it will fail to fulfill its stated role as an environmental watchdog.
翁長雄志（おながたけし）知事は先週、辺野古の埋め立て承認を取り消した。政府は工事を強引に進めようとしており、県と全面対決している。「お手盛り委員会」の疑いをかけられたままでは、環境を監視する役割は果たせないだろう。
The Defense Ministry should disclose all minutes from the panel meetings.
防衛省は委員会の議事録をすべて公開すべきだ。
Not accepting money or goods from interested parties is the least that can be expected, morally speaking, from members of an expert panel like the environmental monitoring committee in question. The Nuclear Regulation Authority, for example, checks whether outside experts have received remuneration of 500,000 yen a year or more from nuclear business-related organizations in the previous three years when asking their opinions.
審議会などの委員は、利害関係者から金品を受け取らないのが最低限のモラルだろう。原子力規制委員会は、外部有識者から意見を聞くにあたって、直近３年間に関連業者から年５０万円以上の報酬を受け取っていないかなどを審査している。
The Defense Ministry should consider introducing such a system for the environmental monitoring committee in Okinawa.
防衛省も環境監視委員会にこうした仕組みの導入を検討すべきだ。
毎日新聞 2015年10月21日 東京朝刊
Editorial: Company donations put fairness of Okinawa environmental watchdog in doubt
社説：辺野古環境委 公正に監視できるのか
Three members of an expert panel tasked with monitoring the environmental impact of construction work off the Henoko district of Nago for the planned relocation of U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma received donations from contractors involved in the project.
沖縄県の米軍普天間飛行場の辺野古移設計画をめぐり、工事が環境に与える影響を監視するため設けられた専門家委員会の委員が、受注業者から寄付金を受け取っていた。
Of the 13 members on the panel, Yokohama National University graduate school professor and panel chair Yoshiyuki Nakamura, along with two others, were found to have accepted donations between 500,000 yen and 8 million yen each following their appointments to the body.
受領が判明したのは、委員１３人のうち、委員長の中村由行（よしゆき）・横浜国立大大学院教授ら３人。委員就任の決定後にそれぞれ５０万円から８００万円が渡っていた。
The donations were given by contractors for the relocation project and an environmental consulting firm, the latter of which now runs the day-to-day office functions of the panel.
寄付金を出したのは、移設事業を受注した建設会社や環境コンサルタント会社だ。委員会の運営業務もコンサル会社が請け負っていた。
The previous Okinawa governor, Hirokazu Nakaima, requested the formation of the expert panel in December 2013 as a condition for approving landfill work off Henoko. The Defense Ministry then established the environmental oversight committee in April the following year. The panel is tasked with providing scientific and technical advice to the Defense Ministry on environmental protection, and is responsible for environmental reviews of a drilling survey at the Henoko site -- a preliminary step to the land reclamation work -- all the way through a post-construction survey.
委員会は、沖縄県の仲井真弘多（ひろかず）前知事が２０１３年１２月に辺野古埋め立てを承認した際に条件として求め、防衛省が１４年４月に環境監視委員会として設置した。環境保全について、同省に科学的・専門的助言をするのが目的だ。現在の準備段階から、本体工事が完了した後の事後調査まで担当する。
When the Okinawa Prefectural Government pointed to the possibility that large concrete blocks that the Defense Ministry sank into the waters off the Henoko coast for a seabed survey had destroyed coral reefs, and demanded a halt to the work this past spring, the expert panel stated that the impact of the seabed survey on the reefs was "minimal." The committee played an important role as a source of expert opinion.
今春、防衛省が移設作業のため辺野古の海底に沈めた大型ブロックがサンゴ礁を損傷した可能性が高いと沖縄県が指摘し、作業停止を求めた際は、委員会が「サンゴ礁全体への影響は軽微」との見解を示すなど、重要な役割を果たした。
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga has said that the government sees no problem in the three panel members receiving donations from companies involved in the base relocation work, insisting, "The panel is being managed in a fair and just manner." The panel members also claim that the donations have not affected the body's discussions and judgment.
３委員の寄付金受領について、菅義偉官房長官は「公平公正に委員会は行われている」として、委員会の運営に問題はなかったとの考えを示す。委員らも、委員会での議論や判断に影響はなかったとしている。
Even if the truth is as Suga and the committee members have claimed, however, the situation has unfolded in the midst of the controversial U.S. base relocation plan, which has developed into a very public clash between the central and Okinawa governments. Members of the expert panel should not have accepted money that could have been seen as suspicious in any way. As an old Chinese proverb says, "If you don't want to be mistaken as stealing a plum, you should not adjust your crown under a plum tree," i.e. don't leave any room for scandal or doubt.
菅氏や委員が言う通りだったとしても、政府と県の主張が鋭く対立する辺野古移設問題が舞台である。委員は疑いを持たれるようなカネを受け取るべきではない。「李下（りか）に冠を正さず」だ。
University of the Ryukyus professor emeritus Seiji Azuma, vice chairman of the expert committee, told the Mainichi Shimbun that most of the panel members from mainland Japan have no experience in environmental research in Okinawa.
副委員長の東（あずま）清二・琉球大名誉教授は毎日新聞の取材に「本土から来た委員は、沖縄の環境調査を一度もしたことがない人ばかり。
"I'm dubious of their ability to conduct environmental monitoring in Okinawa. The central government is probably looking to go ahead and build the new base with a green light from the panel," Azuma added, casting doubt on the purpose of the committee itself.
どうやって沖縄の環境を監視できるのか疑問だ。委員会のお墨付きを得て基地を造るのが本音だろう」と委員会そのものへの疑問を語る。
Okinawa Gov. Takeshi Onaga revoked his predecessor's approval for the land reclamation work off Henoko last week. However, the central government is trying high-handedly to push ahead with the landfill work, and the conflict between the two sides has heightened. If the committee remains a group tailor-made to endorse the central government's plans, it will fail to fulfill its stated role as an environmental watchdog.
翁長雄志（おながたけし）知事は先週、辺野古の埋め立て承認を取り消した。政府は工事を強引に進めようとしており、県と全面対決している。「お手盛り委員会」の疑いをかけられたままでは、環境を監視する役割は果たせないだろう。
The Defense Ministry should disclose all minutes from the panel meetings.
防衛省は委員会の議事録をすべて公開すべきだ。
Not accepting money or goods from interested parties is the least that can be expected, morally speaking, from members of an expert panel like the environmental monitoring committee in question. The Nuclear Regulation Authority, for example, checks whether outside experts have received remuneration of 500,000 yen a year or more from nuclear business-related organizations in the previous three years when asking their opinions.
審議会などの委員は、利害関係者から金品を受け取らないのが最低限のモラルだろう。原子力規制委員会は、外部有識者から意見を聞くにあたって、直近３年間に関連業者から年５０万円以上の報酬を受け取っていないかなどを審査している。
The Defense Ministry should consider introducing such a system for the environmental monitoring committee in Okinawa.
防衛省も環境監視委員会にこうした仕組みの導入を検討すべきだ。
毎日新聞 2015年10月21日 東京朝刊
The Yomiuri Shimbun
Afghanistan’s security must be regained with extension of U.S. troop presence
アフガン情勢 米軍駐留延長で治安取り戻せ
The international community has sacrificed a lot and spent a vast amount of money and time to bring stability to Afghanistan. We must not let the country slide back into a hotbed of terrorism.
アフガニスタンの安定へ、国際社会は多くの犠牲を払い、膨大な費用と時間を費やしてきた。この国をテロの温床に逆戻りさせてはなるまい。
U.S. President Barack Obama has dropped the goal of completing the withdrawal of about 9,800 U.S. troops from Afghanistan by the end of next year. Instead, he will keep about 5,500 American troops in that country in 2017 and later. This is an appropriate decision.
オバマ米大統領が、約９８００人のアフガン駐留米軍の撤収を２０１６年末に完了させる目標を撤回した。１７年以降も約５５００人を残留させる。妥当な判断だ。
Following the simultaneous terrorist attacks on the United States in September 2001, the U.S. forces toppled the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, and established its presence in the country. At its peak, as many as 100,000 U.S. troops were sent to the country, mainly engaged in maintaining security, in cooperation with forces from other members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
米軍は、０１年９月の同時テロ後に、タリバン政権を倒し、駐留を開始した。ピーク時には約１０万人を派遣し、北大西洋条約機構（ＮＡＴＯ）軍などと治安維持任務に従事した。
In recent years, however, U.S. troops have mainly focused on training Afghanistan’s security forces.
近年はアフガン治安部隊の訓練に重点を置いている。
U.S. troops have fought in Afghanistan for 14 years — it is the United States’ longest war — because the importance Washington places on its antiterrorism strategy remains.
米国にとって最長の１４年間も戦いを続けているのは、対テロ戦略の重要性が変わらないためだ。
Since the U.S. presidential election in 2008, Obama has consistently advocated, in campaign pledges, that he would end the wars in both Iraq and Afghanistan and withdraw troops from both countries. The war-weariness of Americans was seen behind these pledges.
オバマ氏は、０８年の大統領選以来、イラクとアフガンでの戦争終結と米軍撤収を一貫して公約に掲げてきた。国内の厭戦えんせんムードが背景にあった。
Since the U.S. and other troops ended combat missions in 2014, however, Afghanistan’s security situation has deteriorated.
だが、米軍などが戦闘任務を終えた１４年以降、アフガンの治安は再び悪化した。
Afghan President Ashraf Ghani had strongly called for an extended presence of U.S. troops, while U.S. Defense Secretary Ash Carter said, “The narrative that we’re leaving Afghanistan is self-defeating.”
ガニ大統領が米軍の駐留延長を強く求め、カーター米国防長官も「完全撤収は自滅的だ」と認めた。
Obama was forced to go back on his official pledges, apparently because his reading of the Afghan situation was too optimistic.
オバマ氏が公約撤回に追い込まれたのは、アフガン情勢に関する見通しが甘かったためだろう。
Some lawmakers in the U.S. Republican Party say the presence of 5,500 U.S. troops is insufficient.
米共和党には、５５００人規模の残留では不十分との声もある。
Avoid same mistakes
Following the withdrawal of U.S. troops in Iraq, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant extremist group gained power. To avoid making the same mistake, the United States has to expedite efforts to rebuild its strategy.
イラクでは、米軍撤収後に過激派組織「イスラム国」が台頭した。イラクの轍てつを踏まないよう、戦略の再構築を急ぐべきだ。
For the first time in Afghanistan’s history, power was transferred in September last year through an election with the support of the international community. In July, the first official peace talks were held between the Ghani administration and the Taliban leadership.
アフガンでは昨年９月、国際社会の支援によって、初めての選挙を通じた政権交代が実現した。今年７月には、ガニ政権とタリバンが初の和平協議も行った。
However, the Taliban’s leadership later fell into disarray following the government’s disclosure that Mullah Omar, the supreme leader of the Taliban movement, had died, leaving no prospect for peace talks to resume anytime soon.
しかし、タリバンは最高指導者オマル師の死亡発覚で混乱し、協議の再開は見通せない。
Also worrisome is Taliban’s recent increase in its attacks. Late last month, Taliban rebels briefly captured most of the northern town of Kunduz. Terrorist attacks by the ISIL, which is hostile to the Taliban, are becoming more serious.
心配なのは、タリバンによる攻勢の激化だ。先月末には、北部クンドゥズの大半を一時制圧した。タリバンと敵対する「イスラム国」によるテロも深刻化している。
Self-help efforts by Afghanistan are essential. The present state of affairs, where governing functions are declining due to rivalry between Ghani and Chief Executive Abdullah Abdullah, should not be left to fester. The solidarity of the country’s leadership will serve as the first step toward stability.
アフガンの自助努力が欠かせない。大統領と行政長官が力を競い合い、統治機能が低下している現状は放置できない。指導部の結束が安定への第一歩となろう。
Reinforcement of security forces is an urgent task. It is important that U.S. and other NATO forces, in cooperation with the Afghan government, secure sufficient military strength and equipment, and at the same time continue to train Afghan forces systematically.
治安部隊の強化も、喫緊の課題だ。米軍やＮＡＴＯ軍はアフガン政府と連携し、必要な兵力と装備を確保するとともに、組織的な訓練を継続することが重要だ。
Since 2001, Japan has extended assistance worth about ¥700 billion in such areas as disarmament, infrastructure development, police training, education and medicine. Japan should continue doing all it can to make nonmilitary contributions to the country in the days ahead.
日本は０１年以来、武装解除や社会資本整備、警官育成、教育、医療などに約７０００億円もの支援を実施してきた。今後も、非軍事分野の貢献に力を入れたい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Oct. 20, 2015)
Afghanistan’s security must be regained with extension of U.S. troop presence
アフガン情勢 米軍駐留延長で治安取り戻せ
The international community has sacrificed a lot and spent a vast amount of money and time to bring stability to Afghanistan. We must not let the country slide back into a hotbed of terrorism.
アフガニスタンの安定へ、国際社会は多くの犠牲を払い、膨大な費用と時間を費やしてきた。この国をテロの温床に逆戻りさせてはなるまい。
U.S. President Barack Obama has dropped the goal of completing the withdrawal of about 9,800 U.S. troops from Afghanistan by the end of next year. Instead, he will keep about 5,500 American troops in that country in 2017 and later. This is an appropriate decision.
オバマ米大統領が、約９８００人のアフガン駐留米軍の撤収を２０１６年末に完了させる目標を撤回した。１７年以降も約５５００人を残留させる。妥当な判断だ。
Following the simultaneous terrorist attacks on the United States in September 2001, the U.S. forces toppled the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, and established its presence in the country. At its peak, as many as 100,000 U.S. troops were sent to the country, mainly engaged in maintaining security, in cooperation with forces from other members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
米軍は、０１年９月の同時テロ後に、タリバン政権を倒し、駐留を開始した。ピーク時には約１０万人を派遣し、北大西洋条約機構（ＮＡＴＯ）軍などと治安維持任務に従事した。
In recent years, however, U.S. troops have mainly focused on training Afghanistan’s security forces.
近年はアフガン治安部隊の訓練に重点を置いている。
U.S. troops have fought in Afghanistan for 14 years — it is the United States’ longest war — because the importance Washington places on its antiterrorism strategy remains.
米国にとって最長の１４年間も戦いを続けているのは、対テロ戦略の重要性が変わらないためだ。
Since the U.S. presidential election in 2008, Obama has consistently advocated, in campaign pledges, that he would end the wars in both Iraq and Afghanistan and withdraw troops from both countries. The war-weariness of Americans was seen behind these pledges.
オバマ氏は、０８年の大統領選以来、イラクとアフガンでの戦争終結と米軍撤収を一貫して公約に掲げてきた。国内の厭戦えんせんムードが背景にあった。
Since the U.S. and other troops ended combat missions in 2014, however, Afghanistan’s security situation has deteriorated.
だが、米軍などが戦闘任務を終えた１４年以降、アフガンの治安は再び悪化した。
Afghan President Ashraf Ghani had strongly called for an extended presence of U.S. troops, while U.S. Defense Secretary Ash Carter said, “The narrative that we’re leaving Afghanistan is self-defeating.”
ガニ大統領が米軍の駐留延長を強く求め、カーター米国防長官も「完全撤収は自滅的だ」と認めた。
Obama was forced to go back on his official pledges, apparently because his reading of the Afghan situation was too optimistic.
オバマ氏が公約撤回に追い込まれたのは、アフガン情勢に関する見通しが甘かったためだろう。
Some lawmakers in the U.S. Republican Party say the presence of 5,500 U.S. troops is insufficient.
米共和党には、５５００人規模の残留では不十分との声もある。
Avoid same mistakes
Following the withdrawal of U.S. troops in Iraq, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant extremist group gained power. To avoid making the same mistake, the United States has to expedite efforts to rebuild its strategy.
イラクでは、米軍撤収後に過激派組織「イスラム国」が台頭した。イラクの轍てつを踏まないよう、戦略の再構築を急ぐべきだ。
For the first time in Afghanistan’s history, power was transferred in September last year through an election with the support of the international community. In July, the first official peace talks were held between the Ghani administration and the Taliban leadership.
アフガンでは昨年９月、国際社会の支援によって、初めての選挙を通じた政権交代が実現した。今年７月には、ガニ政権とタリバンが初の和平協議も行った。
However, the Taliban’s leadership later fell into disarray following the government’s disclosure that Mullah Omar, the supreme leader of the Taliban movement, had died, leaving no prospect for peace talks to resume anytime soon.
しかし、タリバンは最高指導者オマル師の死亡発覚で混乱し、協議の再開は見通せない。
Also worrisome is Taliban’s recent increase in its attacks. Late last month, Taliban rebels briefly captured most of the northern town of Kunduz. Terrorist attacks by the ISIL, which is hostile to the Taliban, are becoming more serious.
心配なのは、タリバンによる攻勢の激化だ。先月末には、北部クンドゥズの大半を一時制圧した。タリバンと敵対する「イスラム国」によるテロも深刻化している。
Self-help efforts by Afghanistan are essential. The present state of affairs, where governing functions are declining due to rivalry between Ghani and Chief Executive Abdullah Abdullah, should not be left to fester. The solidarity of the country’s leadership will serve as the first step toward stability.
アフガンの自助努力が欠かせない。大統領と行政長官が力を競い合い、統治機能が低下している現状は放置できない。指導部の結束が安定への第一歩となろう。
Reinforcement of security forces is an urgent task. It is important that U.S. and other NATO forces, in cooperation with the Afghan government, secure sufficient military strength and equipment, and at the same time continue to train Afghan forces systematically.
治安部隊の強化も、喫緊の課題だ。米軍やＮＡＴＯ軍はアフガン政府と連携し、必要な兵力と装備を確保するとともに、組織的な訓練を継続することが重要だ。
Since 2001, Japan has extended assistance worth about ¥700 billion in such areas as disarmament, infrastructure development, police training, education and medicine. Japan should continue doing all it can to make nonmilitary contributions to the country in the days ahead.
日本は０１年以来、武装解除や社会資本整備、警官育成、教育、医療などに約７０００億円もの支援を実施してきた。今後も、非軍事分野の貢献に力を入れたい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Oct. 20, 2015)
The Yomiuri Shimbun
Russia must cooperate in investigating downing of Malaysian jet over Ukraine
マレー機撃墜 ロシアは事件捜査に協力せよ
Even though more than one year has passed since the tragic event that killed nearly 300 people, there has been no prospect of prosecuting the perpetrators of the crime. This is an extremely grave situation.
３００近い人命を奪った悲劇から１年以上が経過しても、実行犯訴追の展望が開けていない。極めて重大な問題だ。
The safety board of the Netherlands has released its final report on the shooting down of the Malaysia Airlines Flight over eastern Ukraine in July last year. The largest number of victims were Dutch.
昨年７月、ウクライナ東部上空で起きたマレーシア航空機撃墜事件について、最も多くの犠牲者を出したオランダの安全委員会が最終報告書を公表した。
After a detailed analysis of the downing of the plane as fighting continued between Ukrainian government forces and the pro-Russian armed separatists group, the report concluded that the plane was shot down by a Buk surface-to-air missile.
報告書は、ウクライナ政府軍と親ロシア派武装集団の戦闘中に発生した撃墜の経緯を詳細に分析した結果、地対空ミサイル「ブク」によるものと断じた。
The report said the missile was probably launched somewhere in an area covering about 320 square kilometers in eastern Ukraine. This suggests the involvement of the armed rebels that controlled most of the area.
ミサイルが発射された可能性のある場所として、ウクライナ東部の約３２０平方キロ・メートルの範囲を特定した。一帯を支配していた武装集団の関与を示唆したものだ。
The United States, European countries and the Ukrainian government say that, after analyzing records of communications and radar reports, the armed separatist group fired a missile on the Malaysian aircraft, mistakenly believing it was a Ukrainian Air Force plane.
米欧諸国やウクライナ政府は、通信傍受やレーダーの記録などから、武装集団がマレー機をウクライナ空軍機と誤認し、ミサイルを発射したと指摘してきた。
Yet the final report did not go so far as to identify the perpetrator. Although the safety board does not have the authority to apportion blame, we can understand the growing anger among bereaved families of the victims.
しかし、報告書は、実行犯の特定にまでは踏み込まなかった。安全委に捜査権限がないとはいえ、遺族らが憤りを募らせているのは理解できる。
A criminal investigation, aimed at identifying the perpetrators, will be put into the hands of a joint team comprising officials from such countries as the Netherlands, Malaysia, Ukraine, the United States and Russia.
実行犯特定を含む刑事責任の追及は今後、オランダ、マレーシア、ウクライナ、米露などで構成する共同捜査団に委ねられる。
A number of suspected perpetrators have apparently already emerged. Making full use of the findings of the safety board, the joint team has to apportion blame for the barbaric action.
すでに複数の実行犯が浮かんでいるという。共同捜査団は、安全委の調査結果を十分に生かし、蛮行の責任の所在を明確にしなければならない。
Obstacle to probe
An obstacle to the criminal investigation is that both Russia and the armed separatist group have consistently denied involvement. Both have asserted that there is a possibility the Ukrainian forces, which possess Buk missiles, shot down the plane. We think neither of them is cooperative with the investigation.
障害となるのは、ロシアと武装集団が、自らの関与を一貫して否定していることだ。「ブク」を保有するウクライナ軍による撃墜の可能性を主張してきた。捜査にも非協力的と言うほかない。
Shortly after the crash, Russian President Vladimir Putin’s administration tacitly agreed that the pro-Russian separatists should block access of an international investigation team to the crash site.
プーチン政権は事件直後、国際的な調査チームの現場入りを武装集団が妨害するのを黙認した。
In July, Russia vetoed a U.N. Security Council draft resolution that would have set up an international tribunal to prosecute those suspected of downing the airliner, leading to the draft resolution being rejected.
今年７月には、実行犯の責任を問う国際犯罪法廷設置を巡る国連安全保障理事会決議案に拒否権を発動し、否決に追い込んだ。
The actions taken by Russia will only increase distrust toward that country.
一連の行動は、ロシアへの不信を強めるだけではないか。
To identify the site where the missile was launched from and to prosecute those suspected of downing the airliner, the provision of relevant information from Russia is essential. It is important for the international community to support the joint investigation team and press Russia to cooperate.
ミサイル発射地点の解明と、全実行犯の訴追には、ロシアによる情報提供が欠かせない。国際社会は共同捜査団を支援し、ロシアに協力を促すことが肝要だ。
In determining what happened, it is urgently needed to stabilize the local situation in eastern Ukraine.
真相解明には、ウクライナ東部情勢の安定化が急務である。
Although the fighting has been in a lull since last month, the withdrawal of heavy weapons of both the Ukrainian government forces and the separatists has made little progress, delaying the implementation of a ceasefire accord.
９月以降、戦闘は小康状態にあるが、ウクライナ政府軍と武装集団の重火器撤去が進まないなど、停戦合意の履行は遅れている。
To avoid the conflict from continuing for a protracted period, the United States, European countries and Japan should cooperate with each other and continue urging the parties involved to abide by the ceasefire accord.
紛争の長期化を避けるために、米欧や日本は連携し、当事者に停戦の順守を迫り続けるべきだ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Oct. 19, 2015)
Russia must cooperate in investigating downing of Malaysian jet over Ukraine
マレー機撃墜 ロシアは事件捜査に協力せよ
Even though more than one year has passed since the tragic event that killed nearly 300 people, there has been no prospect of prosecuting the perpetrators of the crime. This is an extremely grave situation.
３００近い人命を奪った悲劇から１年以上が経過しても、実行犯訴追の展望が開けていない。極めて重大な問題だ。
The safety board of the Netherlands has released its final report on the shooting down of the Malaysia Airlines Flight over eastern Ukraine in July last year. The largest number of victims were Dutch.
昨年７月、ウクライナ東部上空で起きたマレーシア航空機撃墜事件について、最も多くの犠牲者を出したオランダの安全委員会が最終報告書を公表した。
After a detailed analysis of the downing of the plane as fighting continued between Ukrainian government forces and the pro-Russian armed separatists group, the report concluded that the plane was shot down by a Buk surface-to-air missile.
報告書は、ウクライナ政府軍と親ロシア派武装集団の戦闘中に発生した撃墜の経緯を詳細に分析した結果、地対空ミサイル「ブク」によるものと断じた。
The report said the missile was probably launched somewhere in an area covering about 320 square kilometers in eastern Ukraine. This suggests the involvement of the armed rebels that controlled most of the area.
ミサイルが発射された可能性のある場所として、ウクライナ東部の約３２０平方キロ・メートルの範囲を特定した。一帯を支配していた武装集団の関与を示唆したものだ。
The United States, European countries and the Ukrainian government say that, after analyzing records of communications and radar reports, the armed separatist group fired a missile on the Malaysian aircraft, mistakenly believing it was a Ukrainian Air Force plane.
米欧諸国やウクライナ政府は、通信傍受やレーダーの記録などから、武装集団がマレー機をウクライナ空軍機と誤認し、ミサイルを発射したと指摘してきた。
Yet the final report did not go so far as to identify the perpetrator. Although the safety board does not have the authority to apportion blame, we can understand the growing anger among bereaved families of the victims.
しかし、報告書は、実行犯の特定にまでは踏み込まなかった。安全委に捜査権限がないとはいえ、遺族らが憤りを募らせているのは理解できる。
A criminal investigation, aimed at identifying the perpetrators, will be put into the hands of a joint team comprising officials from such countries as the Netherlands, Malaysia, Ukraine, the United States and Russia.
実行犯特定を含む刑事責任の追及は今後、オランダ、マレーシア、ウクライナ、米露などで構成する共同捜査団に委ねられる。
A number of suspected perpetrators have apparently already emerged. Making full use of the findings of the safety board, the joint team has to apportion blame for the barbaric action.
すでに複数の実行犯が浮かんでいるという。共同捜査団は、安全委の調査結果を十分に生かし、蛮行の責任の所在を明確にしなければならない。
Obstacle to probe
An obstacle to the criminal investigation is that both Russia and the armed separatist group have consistently denied involvement. Both have asserted that there is a possibility the Ukrainian forces, which possess Buk missiles, shot down the plane. We think neither of them is cooperative with the investigation.
障害となるのは、ロシアと武装集団が、自らの関与を一貫して否定していることだ。「ブク」を保有するウクライナ軍による撃墜の可能性を主張してきた。捜査にも非協力的と言うほかない。
Shortly after the crash, Russian President Vladimir Putin’s administration tacitly agreed that the pro-Russian separatists should block access of an international investigation team to the crash site.
プーチン政権は事件直後、国際的な調査チームの現場入りを武装集団が妨害するのを黙認した。
In July, Russia vetoed a U.N. Security Council draft resolution that would have set up an international tribunal to prosecute those suspected of downing the airliner, leading to the draft resolution being rejected.
今年７月には、実行犯の責任を問う国際犯罪法廷設置を巡る国連安全保障理事会決議案に拒否権を発動し、否決に追い込んだ。
The actions taken by Russia will only increase distrust toward that country.
一連の行動は、ロシアへの不信を強めるだけではないか。
To identify the site where the missile was launched from and to prosecute those suspected of downing the airliner, the provision of relevant information from Russia is essential. It is important for the international community to support the joint investigation team and press Russia to cooperate.
ミサイル発射地点の解明と、全実行犯の訴追には、ロシアによる情報提供が欠かせない。国際社会は共同捜査団を支援し、ロシアに協力を促すことが肝要だ。
In determining what happened, it is urgently needed to stabilize the local situation in eastern Ukraine.
真相解明には、ウクライナ東部情勢の安定化が急務である。
Although the fighting has been in a lull since last month, the withdrawal of heavy weapons of both the Ukrainian government forces and the separatists has made little progress, delaying the implementation of a ceasefire accord.
９月以降、戦闘は小康状態にあるが、ウクライナ政府軍と武装集団の重火器撤去が進まないなど、停戦合意の履行は遅れている。
To avoid the conflict from continuing for a protracted period, the United States, European countries and Japan should cooperate with each other and continue urging the parties involved to abide by the ceasefire accord.
紛争の長期化を避けるために、米欧や日本は連携し、当事者に停戦の順守を迫り続けるべきだ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Oct. 19, 2015)
The Yomiuri Shimbun
South Korea should not shake alliance with U.S. by favoring China too much
米韓首脳会談 対中傾斜で同盟を揺るがすな
It is vital that the United States and South Korea maintain their solid alliance, for the deterrence of North Korea’s military provocations and the regional stability of Asia. South Korea should not weaken these ties by getting too close to China.
米国と韓国が強固な同盟を維持することは、北朝鮮の軍事挑発に対する抑止とアジア地域の安定に不可欠である。韓国は過度に中国に接近し、同盟を弱体化させてはなるまい。
U.S. President Barack Obama held talks with his South Korean counterpart Park Geun-hye in Washington and they adopted a joint statement focusing on their cooperation to get Pyongyang to abandon its nuclear and missile programs.
オバマ米大統領がワシントンで朴槿恵韓国大統領と会談し、北朝鮮の核放棄に向けた協力などを柱とする共同声明を発表した。
The statement warns that additional sanctions will be imposed on Pyongyang should the country push through with launching a ballistic missile or conducting a nuclear test in violation of U.N. Security Council resolutions.
北朝鮮が国連安全保障理事会決議を破って弾道ミサイル発射や核実験を強行した場合は、追加制裁に踏み切ると警告している。
Since this summer, North Korea has heightened military tensions between South and North Korea, while also hinting at the possibility of its conducting nuclear tests.
北朝鮮は今夏以降、南北間の軍事的緊張を高め、核実験実施なども示唆した。
It is significant that Obama confirmed the need to strengthen the U.S.-South Korea alliance during a joint press conference, saying, “The commitment of the United States to the defense and security of the Republic of Korea will never waver.”
オバマ氏が共同記者会見で、「韓国防衛への米国の責任は揺るぎない」と述べ、同盟強化を確認した意義は大きい。
Yet it cannot be denied that the “close alliance” between the United States and South Korea has been in large part choreographed, because the heightened distrust within the United States regarding South Korea’s inclination toward China needed to be denied.
ただ、米韓の「緊密な同盟」は多分に、演出されたものであることは否めない。米国内で強まっていた韓国の対中傾斜への不信感を打ち消す必要があったからだ。
Park decided on South Korea’s participation in the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and attended the military parade China held to mark the anniversary of its “victory over Japan” in World War II.
朴氏は、中国主導のアジアインフラ投資銀行（ＡＩＩＢ）への参加を決め、中国の「抗日戦勝」記念軍事パレードにも出席した。
‘Natural partner’
“I believe that we [South Korea and the United States] make natural partners,” Park said at the press conference regarding the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations, in which member countries such as Japan and the United States recently reached a broad agreement. This statement indicated Seoul’s intention to join the TPP, and was probably aimed at mitigating U.S. concern.
記者会見で朴氏は、日米などが大筋合意した環太平洋経済連携協定（ＴＰＰ）について、「米韓は自然なパートナーになれる」と語り、参加の意欲を示した。米側の懸念を緩和する狙いだろう。
Obama said at the press conference that if China fails to abide by international rules, “We expect the Republic of Korea to speak out on that,” driving home the point.
オバマ氏は記者会見で、中国が国際ルールを守らない場合には、「韓国も声を上げてほしい」と朴氏にクギを刺した。
Obama’s remark was apparently made in consideration of China’s self-serving maritime advances in the East and South China seas. But Park made no reference to this.
中国による東・南シナ海での独善的な海洋進出を念頭に置いたものだ。だが、朴氏はこの点に言及しなかった。
It remains unclear whether South Korea will modify its diplomatic stance toward China.
韓国が今後、対中姿勢を修正するかどうかは不透明だ。
The amount of bilateral trade between China and South Korea exceeds the sum of its trade with the United States and Japan. We can understand Seoul attaching importance to China in the economic field, but shifting its priorities from Washington to Beijing in the realm of security could destabilize the region.
中韓の貿易額は米韓、日韓の合計を上回る。韓国が経済面で中国を重視するのは理解できるが、安全保障面で米国から中国に軸足を移すことは、地域を不安定化させる危険をはらんでいる。
During a speech made earlier in Washington, Park said she intends to hold her first full-fledged talks with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on the occasion of the trilateral summit among Japan, China and South Korea in early November.
朴氏はワシントンで行った講演で、１１月初めの日中韓首脳会談の際、安倍首相と初めて本格的に会談する意向も表明した。
Since she took office, Park made it a condition that she would hold summit talks with Japan if progress was made on the issue of so-called comfort women.
就任以来、慰安婦問題の進展を日韓首脳会談を行う条件としてきた。
Park appears to have agreed at last to Washington’s repeated urging to improve the bilateral relations between Japan and South Korea.
日韓関係の改善を求める米国の再三の働きかけに、ようやく応じた格好である。
However, Park emphasized, “The summit can have substantial meaning if we see some progress on the issue of comfort women.”
一方で、朴氏は、「慰安婦問題で進展があれば、意味ある首脳会談になる」とも強調した。
Unless Park changes her diplomatic posture of giving too much weight to issues related to historical perception, it will be difficult for Japan and South Korea to effectively deal with the mountain of pending issues. It will be impossible to realize the close trilateral cooperation among Japan, the United States and South Korea that Washington hopes to see.
朴氏が歴史問題に偏った外交姿勢を改めなければ、日韓が山積する懸案に効果的に対処することは難しい。米国が望む日米韓の緊密な連携も実現できないだろう。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Oct. 18, 2015)
South Korea should not shake alliance with U.S. by favoring China too much
米韓首脳会談 対中傾斜で同盟を揺るがすな
It is vital that the United States and South Korea maintain their solid alliance, for the deterrence of North Korea’s military provocations and the regional stability of Asia. South Korea should not weaken these ties by getting too close to China.
米国と韓国が強固な同盟を維持することは、北朝鮮の軍事挑発に対する抑止とアジア地域の安定に不可欠である。韓国は過度に中国に接近し、同盟を弱体化させてはなるまい。
U.S. President Barack Obama held talks with his South Korean counterpart Park Geun-hye in Washington and they adopted a joint statement focusing on their cooperation to get Pyongyang to abandon its nuclear and missile programs.
オバマ米大統領がワシントンで朴槿恵韓国大統領と会談し、北朝鮮の核放棄に向けた協力などを柱とする共同声明を発表した。
The statement warns that additional sanctions will be imposed on Pyongyang should the country push through with launching a ballistic missile or conducting a nuclear test in violation of U.N. Security Council resolutions.
北朝鮮が国連安全保障理事会決議を破って弾道ミサイル発射や核実験を強行した場合は、追加制裁に踏み切ると警告している。
Since this summer, North Korea has heightened military tensions between South and North Korea, while also hinting at the possibility of its conducting nuclear tests.
北朝鮮は今夏以降、南北間の軍事的緊張を高め、核実験実施なども示唆した。
It is significant that Obama confirmed the need to strengthen the U.S.-South Korea alliance during a joint press conference, saying, “The commitment of the United States to the defense and security of the Republic of Korea will never waver.”
オバマ氏が共同記者会見で、「韓国防衛への米国の責任は揺るぎない」と述べ、同盟強化を確認した意義は大きい。
Yet it cannot be denied that the “close alliance” between the United States and South Korea has been in large part choreographed, because the heightened distrust within the United States regarding South Korea’s inclination toward China needed to be denied.
ただ、米韓の「緊密な同盟」は多分に、演出されたものであることは否めない。米国内で強まっていた韓国の対中傾斜への不信感を打ち消す必要があったからだ。
Park decided on South Korea’s participation in the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and attended the military parade China held to mark the anniversary of its “victory over Japan” in World War II.
朴氏は、中国主導のアジアインフラ投資銀行（ＡＩＩＢ）への参加を決め、中国の「抗日戦勝」記念軍事パレードにも出席した。
‘Natural partner’
“I believe that we [South Korea and the United States] make natural partners,” Park said at the press conference regarding the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations, in which member countries such as Japan and the United States recently reached a broad agreement. This statement indicated Seoul’s intention to join the TPP, and was probably aimed at mitigating U.S. concern.
記者会見で朴氏は、日米などが大筋合意した環太平洋経済連携協定（ＴＰＰ）について、「米韓は自然なパートナーになれる」と語り、参加の意欲を示した。米側の懸念を緩和する狙いだろう。
Obama said at the press conference that if China fails to abide by international rules, “We expect the Republic of Korea to speak out on that,” driving home the point.
オバマ氏は記者会見で、中国が国際ルールを守らない場合には、「韓国も声を上げてほしい」と朴氏にクギを刺した。
Obama’s remark was apparently made in consideration of China’s self-serving maritime advances in the East and South China seas. But Park made no reference to this.
中国による東・南シナ海での独善的な海洋進出を念頭に置いたものだ。だが、朴氏はこの点に言及しなかった。
It remains unclear whether South Korea will modify its diplomatic stance toward China.
韓国が今後、対中姿勢を修正するかどうかは不透明だ。
The amount of bilateral trade between China and South Korea exceeds the sum of its trade with the United States and Japan. We can understand Seoul attaching importance to China in the economic field, but shifting its priorities from Washington to Beijing in the realm of security could destabilize the region.
中韓の貿易額は米韓、日韓の合計を上回る。韓国が経済面で中国を重視するのは理解できるが、安全保障面で米国から中国に軸足を移すことは、地域を不安定化させる危険をはらんでいる。
During a speech made earlier in Washington, Park said she intends to hold her first full-fledged talks with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on the occasion of the trilateral summit among Japan, China and South Korea in early November.
朴氏はワシントンで行った講演で、１１月初めの日中韓首脳会談の際、安倍首相と初めて本格的に会談する意向も表明した。
Since she took office, Park made it a condition that she would hold summit talks with Japan if progress was made on the issue of so-called comfort women.
就任以来、慰安婦問題の進展を日韓首脳会談を行う条件としてきた。
Park appears to have agreed at last to Washington’s repeated urging to improve the bilateral relations between Japan and South Korea.
日韓関係の改善を求める米国の再三の働きかけに、ようやく応じた格好である。
However, Park emphasized, “The summit can have substantial meaning if we see some progress on the issue of comfort women.”
一方で、朴氏は、「慰安婦問題で進展があれば、意味ある首脳会談になる」とも強調した。
Unless Park changes her diplomatic posture of giving too much weight to issues related to historical perception, it will be difficult for Japan and South Korea to effectively deal with the mountain of pending issues. It will be impossible to realize the close trilateral cooperation among Japan, the United States and South Korea that Washington hopes to see.
朴氏が歴史問題に偏った外交姿勢を改めなければ、日韓が山積する懸案に効果的に対処することは難しい。米国が望む日米韓の緊密な連携も実現できないだろう。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Oct. 18, 2015)
The Yomiuri Shimbun
Japan should boost contribution to peace as UNSC nonpermanent member
非常任理事国 国際平和協力に弾みつけたい
Becoming a member of the U.N. Security Council is a significant step forward to enhance Japan’s engagement in the peace and stability of the international community and secure its national interests. The government should take full advantage of this opportunity.
国際社会の平和と安定への関与を強め、日本の国益を確保するうえで、重要な前進である。政府は、この機会を最大限に活用すべきだ。
Japan was elected a nonpermanent member of the Security Council, gaining a seat for the 11th time, the most among the 193 member countries of the United Nations. Its term will last for two years beginning next January.
日本が国連安全保障理事会の非常任理事国に選出された。１９３加盟国で最多の１１回目だ。任期は来年１月から２年間となる。
U.N. diplomacy is a major pillar of Japan’s foreign policy, along with the Japan-U.S. alliance. Coordination with the United Nations is also essential to embody the “proactive contribution to peace” advocated by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s administration. It is the right time for Japan to return to the Security Council after its last service as a nonpermanent member, which ended in 2010.
国連外交は、日米同盟とともに日本外交の主要な柱だ。安倍政権が掲げる「積極的平和主義」の具体化にも、国連との協調が欠かせない。２０１０年以来の安保理への復帰は、時宜を得たものだ。
How can the conflicts in Ukraine and Syria be resolved? How should the threat of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant militant group be dealt with? Security Council members can adopt resolutions that bind all the U.N. member nations, and take other actions after holding unofficial talks among them.
ウクライナ、シリアの紛争をいかに収拾するか。過激派組織「イスラム国」の脅威にどう対処するか。安保理メンバー国は非公式に協議を重ね、全加盟国を拘束できる決議などを採択する。
The five permanent members of the Security Council with veto power are strong, but so are the power of information and the voices held by the 10 nonpermanent members. Nonpermanent members can quickly ascertain changing international situations and exercise influence over discussions on resolutions.
拒否権を持つ５常任理事国の権限は強いが、１０非常任理事国の情報力や発言権も大きい。変動する国際情勢を迅速に把握し、決議案審議で影響力を行使できる。
For instance, when Pyongyang carried out a nuclear-weapon test in 2009, Japan led the adoption of resolutions, including sanctions, against North Korea in cooperation with the United States and other countries. Japan was a nonpermament member of the Security Council at that time.
０９年に北朝鮮が核実験を強行した際は、非常任理事国の日本が米国などと連携し、制裁を含む決議の採択を主導した。
To protect own safety
Japan should proactively engage in discussions and the decision-making process at the Security Council to protect its own safety.
日本の安全を守るためにも、安保理の議論と意思決定に主体的に関わることが大切だ。
It must also actively tackle human rights issues, in a bid to resolve the abduction of Japanese nationals by North Korean agents.
北朝鮮による日本人拉致問題の解決に向けて、人権問題にも積極的に取り組む必要がある。
Since the end of World War II, Japan has helped developing countries overcome various problems such as poverty and disease. It has consistently participated in U.N. peacekeeping operations. We expect the nation to propose its own ideas and solutions for peace building, and broaden understanding of these ideas among concerned countries.
日本は戦後、途上国の貧困や疾病の克服などの支援を続けている。国連平和維持活動（ＰＫＯ）にも継続的に参加してきた。安保理メンバーとして、平和構築に関する自らの理念と処方箋を発信し、関係国の理解を広げたい。
Discussions on the Security Council reform have shifted into high gear this year, which marks the 70th anniversary of the end of WWII.
戦後７０年の今年は、安保理改革の議論が本格化している。
The Group of Four countries — Japan, Germany, India and Brazil — aim to implement a reform plan to increase the permanent members of the Security Council to 11, and the nonpermanent members to 14 or 15.
日本とドイツ、インド、ブラジルの「Ｇ４」は、常任理事国を１１に、非常任理事国を１４～１５に拡大する案の実現を図る方針だ。
A nonpermanent member of the Security Council cannot be reelected consecutively, and a country has to win support from more than two-thirds of all U.N. member countries each time it is elected.
非常任理事国は再選できず、当選には加盟国の３分の２以上の支持をその都度得る必要がある。
Japan pays the largest contributions to the world body following the United States, equivalent to over 10 percent of the U.N. budget. To secure influence matching that amount, Japan should keep trying to become a permanent member of the Security Council.
米国に次ぐ、国連予算の１０％強の分担金に見合う影響力を確保するためにも、日本は常任理事国入りに粘り強く挑戦したい。
The G-4 submitted a Security Council reform plan to the United Nations in 2005, but it was not adopted due to opposition from both the United States and China, and unsuccessful coordination with African countries.
Ｇ４は０５年にも、改革案を国連に提出したが、米中両国の反対や、アフリカ諸国との連携の不調で、採決できずに頓挫した。
U.N. reform is difficult, because it represents an historic attempt to change the international order based on the outcome of WWII.
国連改革は、第２次大戦の結果を踏まえた国際秩序を変更する歴史的試みだけに、困難を伴う。
Learning from the failed attempt in 2005, the G-4 must consolidate forces that are positive about Security Council reform while rebuilding its cooperative relations with the United States and African countries.
０５年の失敗を教訓に、米国やアフリカとの協調関係を再構築しつつ、安保理改革に前向きな勢力を結集することが大切である。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Oct. 17, 2015)
Japan should boost contribution to peace as UNSC nonpermanent member
非常任理事国 国際平和協力に弾みつけたい
Becoming a member of the U.N. Security Council is a significant step forward to enhance Japan’s engagement in the peace and stability of the international community and secure its national interests. The government should take full advantage of this opportunity.
国際社会の平和と安定への関与を強め、日本の国益を確保するうえで、重要な前進である。政府は、この機会を最大限に活用すべきだ。
Japan was elected a nonpermanent member of the Security Council, gaining a seat for the 11th time, the most among the 193 member countries of the United Nations. Its term will last for two years beginning next January.
日本が国連安全保障理事会の非常任理事国に選出された。１９３加盟国で最多の１１回目だ。任期は来年１月から２年間となる。
U.N. diplomacy is a major pillar of Japan’s foreign policy, along with the Japan-U.S. alliance. Coordination with the United Nations is also essential to embody the “proactive contribution to peace” advocated by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s administration. It is the right time for Japan to return to the Security Council after its last service as a nonpermanent member, which ended in 2010.
国連外交は、日米同盟とともに日本外交の主要な柱だ。安倍政権が掲げる「積極的平和主義」の具体化にも、国連との協調が欠かせない。２０１０年以来の安保理への復帰は、時宜を得たものだ。
How can the conflicts in Ukraine and Syria be resolved? How should the threat of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant militant group be dealt with? Security Council members can adopt resolutions that bind all the U.N. member nations, and take other actions after holding unofficial talks among them.
ウクライナ、シリアの紛争をいかに収拾するか。過激派組織「イスラム国」の脅威にどう対処するか。安保理メンバー国は非公式に協議を重ね、全加盟国を拘束できる決議などを採択する。
The five permanent members of the Security Council with veto power are strong, but so are the power of information and the voices held by the 10 nonpermanent members. Nonpermanent members can quickly ascertain changing international situations and exercise influence over discussions on resolutions.
拒否権を持つ５常任理事国の権限は強いが、１０非常任理事国の情報力や発言権も大きい。変動する国際情勢を迅速に把握し、決議案審議で影響力を行使できる。
For instance, when Pyongyang carried out a nuclear-weapon test in 2009, Japan led the adoption of resolutions, including sanctions, against North Korea in cooperation with the United States and other countries. Japan was a nonpermament member of the Security Council at that time.
０９年に北朝鮮が核実験を強行した際は、非常任理事国の日本が米国などと連携し、制裁を含む決議の採択を主導した。
To protect own safety
Japan should proactively engage in discussions and the decision-making process at the Security Council to protect its own safety.
日本の安全を守るためにも、安保理の議論と意思決定に主体的に関わることが大切だ。
It must also actively tackle human rights issues, in a bid to resolve the abduction of Japanese nationals by North Korean agents.
北朝鮮による日本人拉致問題の解決に向けて、人権問題にも積極的に取り組む必要がある。
Since the end of World War II, Japan has helped developing countries overcome various problems such as poverty and disease. It has consistently participated in U.N. peacekeeping operations. We expect the nation to propose its own ideas and solutions for peace building, and broaden understanding of these ideas among concerned countries.
日本は戦後、途上国の貧困や疾病の克服などの支援を続けている。国連平和維持活動（ＰＫＯ）にも継続的に参加してきた。安保理メンバーとして、平和構築に関する自らの理念と処方箋を発信し、関係国の理解を広げたい。
Discussions on the Security Council reform have shifted into high gear this year, which marks the 70th anniversary of the end of WWII.
戦後７０年の今年は、安保理改革の議論が本格化している。
The Group of Four countries — Japan, Germany, India and Brazil — aim to implement a reform plan to increase the permanent members of the Security Council to 11, and the nonpermanent members to 14 or 15.
日本とドイツ、インド、ブラジルの「Ｇ４」は、常任理事国を１１に、非常任理事国を１４～１５に拡大する案の実現を図る方針だ。
A nonpermanent member of the Security Council cannot be reelected consecutively, and a country has to win support from more than two-thirds of all U.N. member countries each time it is elected.
非常任理事国は再選できず、当選には加盟国の３分の２以上の支持をその都度得る必要がある。
Japan pays the largest contributions to the world body following the United States, equivalent to over 10 percent of the U.N. budget. To secure influence matching that amount, Japan should keep trying to become a permanent member of the Security Council.
米国に次ぐ、国連予算の１０％強の分担金に見合う影響力を確保するためにも、日本は常任理事国入りに粘り強く挑戦したい。
The G-4 submitted a Security Council reform plan to the United Nations in 2005, but it was not adopted due to opposition from both the United States and China, and unsuccessful coordination with African countries.
Ｇ４は０５年にも、改革案を国連に提出したが、米中両国の反対や、アフリカ諸国との連携の不調で、採決できずに頓挫した。
U.N. reform is difficult, because it represents an historic attempt to change the international order based on the outcome of WWII.
国連改革は、第２次大戦の結果を踏まえた国際秩序を変更する歴史的試みだけに、困難を伴う。
Learning from the failed attempt in 2005, the G-4 must consolidate forces that are positive about Security Council reform while rebuilding its cooperative relations with the United States and African countries.
０５年の失敗を教訓に、米国やアフリカとの協調関係を再構築しつつ、安保理改革に前向きな勢力を結集することが大切である。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Oct. 17, 2015)
The Yomiuri Shimbun
Rules on tax-dodging multinationals must be thoroughly implemented
多国籍企業 課税逃れ防止ルールの徹底を
International cooperation must be bolstered to close tax loopholes that can be exploited by multinational business corporations.
企業課税の抜け道を塞ぐため、税制面での国際協調を強めるべきだ。
The Group of 20 major economies and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development have worked out new international taxation rules to clamp down on the excessive tax avoidance tactics by multinational firms.
主要２０か国・地域（Ｇ２０）と経済協力開発機構（ＯＥＣＤ）が、多国籍企業による行き過ぎた節税に歯止めをかけることを目指し、新たな国際課税ルールを策定した。
The pillar of the new rules is to make it mandatory for multinationals with annual sales of €750 million (about ¥100 billion) or more to report to the tax authorities of their home countries the value of taxes they pay and their lines of business in foreign countries where they operate. The information thus collected is shared by member nations.
売上高が７億５０００万ユーロ（約１０００億円）以上の企業に対し、国外の進出先での納税額や事業内容について、本国の税務当局への報告を義務づけたのが柱だ。収集した情報は各国で共有する。
A tax penalty will be levied on multinationals if they are found to be involved in the practice of reducing their tax burdens considerably by curbing their profits, through such tactics as exploiting transactions with their subsidiaries operating in other countries.
他国にある子会社との取引などを利用して利益を圧縮し、税負担を著しく軽減している事実が判明すれば、追徴課税を行う。
Tax revenues lost worldwide due to such tax dodges amount to as much as ¥30 trillion a year, according to an OECD estimate.
ＯＥＣＤは、課税逃れで失われる世界の税収が、年間で最大３０兆円に上ると推計している。
There has been a series of cases of tax avoidance in recent years committed by multinationals of Europe and the United States that exploited the differences in taxation systems among the countries where they conduct business. Although their practices are not illegal in terms of tax law, a situation cannot be overlooked in which firms posting a huge amount of profits are allowed to pay less than an appropriate amount of taxes.
欧米の多国籍企業で近年、国ごとの税制の違いを突いた課税逃れが相次いで発覚した。税法上は明確な違法でなくても、莫大ばくだいな利益を上げる企業が、少ない税金しか納めないことは見過ごせない。
In the case of U.S. firms Google Inc. and Starbucks Corp., they are said to have employed such tactics as having their subsidiaries in low-tax countries hold patents and trademarks, with their parent companies paying high royalties to them.
米国のスターバックスやグーグルは、低税率国の子会社に特許や商標を持たせ、親会社が割高な使用料を払うなどしたという。
Regarding other tactics, they are said to have inflated expenses by paying excessive interest and material procurement costs to related companies in other countries where their subsidiaries operate.
他国の関連企業に対する過大な利払いや材料費支出で、経費を膨らませた例もあったとされる。
Fairness and justice
Tax avoidance through deals that are considerably removed from authentic corporate activity should not be left unchecked. Such practices shake the fundamental principle of fairness and justice in the taxation system and increase discontent among businesses that pay due taxes.
企業活動の実態からかけ離れた取引による課税逃れは、放置すべきではない。公平・公正という税制の基本理念が揺らぎ、適切に納税する企業の不満が高まろう。
It is reasonable for the tax authorities of countries concerned to try to comprehend the actual financial conditions of multinationals and aim to prevent them from resorting to excessive tax avoidance tactics.
各国の税務当局が多国籍企業の経営実態を正確に把握し、過度な節税を抑止する狙いは妥当だ。
Many tax dodging cases involve three or more countries, making it difficult to deal with them under conventional bilateral treaties. New rules are likely to be introduced by more than 40 countries, including Japan, the United States, European nations and China.
税逃れは３か国以上で行われる例が多く、従来の２国間条約では対処が難しかった。新ルールは、日米欧や中国など４０か国超で導入される見通しである。
It is of no small significance that many industrialized countries and emerging economies, whose tax systems are greatly different from each other, have cooperated to devise the common rules.
税制が大きく異なる多数の先進国と新興国が連携し、共通のルールを定めた意味は小さくない。
But the new rules are nothing but an agreement by the G-20, and have no binding force. The challenge is how to enhance their practical effectiveness.
ただ、新ルールはＧ２０の合意事項に過ぎず、強制力がない。いかに実効性を高めるかが課題だ。
Revision of relevant domestic laws and establishment of a multinational agreement in line with the rules must be done promptly.
ルールに則した国内法の改正と多国間の協定作りを急ぎたい。
If the level of legal compliance differs from country to country, there is concern that it will be exploited by multinationals with the intention of tax avoidance. It is important to establish a system aimed at monitoring each other, to observe such things as how strictly each member nation asks multinationals to submit their business information.
ルールの順守状況に濃淡があれば、税逃れを意図する企業につけ込まれかねない。各国がどれだけ厳しく企業に経営情報を提供させているか、などを相互に監視する仕組み作りが重要である。
Efforts are also necessary to increase the number of countries introducing the new international taxation rules.
ルールの導入国をさらに広げる取り組みも欠かせない。
As a check on multinationals that try to devise new ways of tax avoidance, it is essential for the countries concerned to cooperate more closely by exchanging information and revising the rules expeditiously if needed.
新手の税逃れの手段を次々と考える企業を牽制けんせいするには、各国がより緊密に情報交換し、ルールを機動的に見直すことが大切だ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Oct. 16, 2015)
Rules on tax-dodging multinationals must be thoroughly implemented
多国籍企業 課税逃れ防止ルールの徹底を
International cooperation must be bolstered to close tax loopholes that can be exploited by multinational business corporations.
企業課税の抜け道を塞ぐため、税制面での国際協調を強めるべきだ。
The Group of 20 major economies and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development have worked out new international taxation rules to clamp down on the excessive tax avoidance tactics by multinational firms.
主要２０か国・地域（Ｇ２０）と経済協力開発機構（ＯＥＣＤ）が、多国籍企業による行き過ぎた節税に歯止めをかけることを目指し、新たな国際課税ルールを策定した。
The pillar of the new rules is to make it mandatory for multinationals with annual sales of €750 million (about ¥100 billion) or more to report to the tax authorities of their home countries the value of taxes they pay and their lines of business in foreign countries where they operate. The information thus collected is shared by member nations.
売上高が７億５０００万ユーロ（約１０００億円）以上の企業に対し、国外の進出先での納税額や事業内容について、本国の税務当局への報告を義務づけたのが柱だ。収集した情報は各国で共有する。
A tax penalty will be levied on multinationals if they are found to be involved in the practice of reducing their tax burdens considerably by curbing their profits, through such tactics as exploiting transactions with their subsidiaries operating in other countries.
他国にある子会社との取引などを利用して利益を圧縮し、税負担を著しく軽減している事実が判明すれば、追徴課税を行う。
Tax revenues lost worldwide due to such tax dodges amount to as much as ¥30 trillion a year, according to an OECD estimate.
ＯＥＣＤは、課税逃れで失われる世界の税収が、年間で最大３０兆円に上ると推計している。
There has been a series of cases of tax avoidance in recent years committed by multinationals of Europe and the United States that exploited the differences in taxation systems among the countries where they conduct business. Although their practices are not illegal in terms of tax law, a situation cannot be overlooked in which firms posting a huge amount of profits are allowed to pay less than an appropriate amount of taxes.
欧米の多国籍企業で近年、国ごとの税制の違いを突いた課税逃れが相次いで発覚した。税法上は明確な違法でなくても、莫大ばくだいな利益を上げる企業が、少ない税金しか納めないことは見過ごせない。
In the case of U.S. firms Google Inc. and Starbucks Corp., they are said to have employed such tactics as having their subsidiaries in low-tax countries hold patents and trademarks, with their parent companies paying high royalties to them.
米国のスターバックスやグーグルは、低税率国の子会社に特許や商標を持たせ、親会社が割高な使用料を払うなどしたという。
Regarding other tactics, they are said to have inflated expenses by paying excessive interest and material procurement costs to related companies in other countries where their subsidiaries operate.
他国の関連企業に対する過大な利払いや材料費支出で、経費を膨らませた例もあったとされる。
Fairness and justice
Tax avoidance through deals that are considerably removed from authentic corporate activity should not be left unchecked. Such practices shake the fundamental principle of fairness and justice in the taxation system and increase discontent among businesses that pay due taxes.
企業活動の実態からかけ離れた取引による課税逃れは、放置すべきではない。公平・公正という税制の基本理念が揺らぎ、適切に納税する企業の不満が高まろう。
It is reasonable for the tax authorities of countries concerned to try to comprehend the actual financial conditions of multinationals and aim to prevent them from resorting to excessive tax avoidance tactics.
各国の税務当局が多国籍企業の経営実態を正確に把握し、過度な節税を抑止する狙いは妥当だ。
Many tax dodging cases involve three or more countries, making it difficult to deal with them under conventional bilateral treaties. New rules are likely to be introduced by more than 40 countries, including Japan, the United States, European nations and China.
税逃れは３か国以上で行われる例が多く、従来の２国間条約では対処が難しかった。新ルールは、日米欧や中国など４０か国超で導入される見通しである。
It is of no small significance that many industrialized countries and emerging economies, whose tax systems are greatly different from each other, have cooperated to devise the common rules.
税制が大きく異なる多数の先進国と新興国が連携し、共通のルールを定めた意味は小さくない。
But the new rules are nothing but an agreement by the G-20, and have no binding force. The challenge is how to enhance their practical effectiveness.
ただ、新ルールはＧ２０の合意事項に過ぎず、強制力がない。いかに実効性を高めるかが課題だ。
Revision of relevant domestic laws and establishment of a multinational agreement in line with the rules must be done promptly.
ルールに則した国内法の改正と多国間の協定作りを急ぎたい。
If the level of legal compliance differs from country to country, there is concern that it will be exploited by multinationals with the intention of tax avoidance. It is important to establish a system aimed at monitoring each other, to observe such things as how strictly each member nation asks multinationals to submit their business information.
ルールの順守状況に濃淡があれば、税逃れを意図する企業につけ込まれかねない。各国がどれだけ厳しく企業に経営情報を提供させているか、などを相互に監視する仕組み作りが重要である。
Efforts are also necessary to increase the number of countries introducing the new international taxation rules.
ルールの導入国をさらに広げる取り組みも欠かせない。
As a check on multinationals that try to devise new ways of tax avoidance, it is essential for the countries concerned to cooperate more closely by exchanging information and revising the rules expeditiously if needed.
新手の税逃れの手段を次々と考える企業を牽制けんせいするには、各国がより緊密に情報交換し、ルールを機動的に見直すことが大切だ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Oct. 16, 2015)
--The Asahi Shimbun, Oct. 5
EDITORIAL: Abe government's 'inward-looking' diplomacy serves no purpose
（社説）外務省ＨＰ 外交が内向きすぎる
The Foreign Ministry on Sept. 18 updated the “History Issues Q&A” section on its Japanese website. The timing suggests that the ministry intentionally held off the update to coincide with the passage of new national security legislation that allows Japan to exercise its right to collective self-defense.
集団的自衛権の行使を可能にする安全保障関連法の成立を待っていたかのように、外務省のホームページ（ＨＰ）にある「歴史問題Ｑ＆Ａ」の内容が更新された。
Gone from the updated Q&A is any mention of Japan’s “colonial rule and aggression” against its Asian neighbors. And the streamlined content only provides URL links to the (Tomiichi) Murayama statement and the (Junichiro) Koizumi statement that acknowledged Japan’s colonialism and aggression.
以前は掲載されていたアジア諸国への「植民地支配と侵略」という言及がなくなり、それらを認めた「村山談話」や「小泉談話」などのリンク先を紹介するだけに簡ログイン前の続き略化された。
On Aug. 14, the day Prime Minister Shinzo Abe issued his statement for the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II, the Q&A section was abruptly deleted from the ministry’s website. After questions were raised in the Diet about the deletion, the website ran a notice to the effect that the content was being revised to reflect the Abe statement.
それに先立ち、「Ｑ＆Ａ」は、戦後７０年の「安倍談話」が出された８月１４日に突然、削除されていた。国会で質問されると、「（安倍）談話を踏まえ、現在改訂中です」と表示した。
But why did the revision take more than a month? It is only natural to assume that the ministry decided to delay the revision to avoid any negative impact on Diet deliberations on the contentious security legislation.
削除から１カ月以上たってからの改訂は、安保関連法の審議に悪影響を与えまいとの配慮が働いたためではないか。そう見られても仕方あるまい。
“Japan has repeatedly expressed the feelings of deep remorse and heartfelt apology for its actions during the war,” Abe’s 70th anniversary statement said, even though Abe never made it clear if he himself felt such remorse. And he went on, “Such a position articulated by the previous Cabinets will remain unshakable into the future.”
安倍首相は談話で、自分がそう考えているとは明言しなかったものの、「わが国は先の大戦における行いについて、繰り返し、痛切な反省と心からのお詫（わ）びの気持ちを表明してきた」とし、「歴代内閣の立場は今後も揺るぎない」と訴えた。
But the fact that the Foreign Ministry immediately deleted the symbolic expression “colonial rule and aggression” from its website would only suggest that the Abe administration’s perception of history is not what it was made to appear in the prime minister’s 70th anniversary statement.
にもかかわらず、談話が出されるや即座に外務省ＨＰから「植民地支配と侵略」という象徴的な記述がなくなったとなれば、安倍政権の歴史認識に揺らぎを感じざるをえない。
Something similar occurred on the Foreign Ministry website last year.
外務省ＨＰでは昨年も似たような問題があった。
At that time, the ministry abruptly deleted a document calling for contributions to the Asian Women’s Fund that was set up to represent Japan’s national effort to compensate Asia’s wartime “comfort women.”
日本が慰安婦問題で国民的な償いを試みた「女性のためのアジア平和国民基金（アジア女性基金）」への参加を呼びかけた文書が急に削除されたのだ。
The Japanese government always used to bring up the Asian Women’s Fund as proof of its sincerity in dealing with the comfort women issue. By deleting the document, the Foreign Ministry effectively undermined the government’s position, instead of playing it up.
基金は、これまで慰安婦問題で日本も努力してきたと主張する根拠となっている。だが、それを強調するどころか自らの手で見えにくくしてしまった。
The national security legislation, which Abe insists is “necessary for protecting Japanese peoples’ lives and the peaceful life of Japanese citizens,” was promulgated on Sept. 30. But the fears of this law’s opponents have not gone away at all. They are deeply apprehensive, not only of the law itself, but also of the likelihood of a substantive change in Japan’s postwar pacifism because the prime minister did not use the “I” in expressing the nation’s deep remorse for and heartfelt apology for its past history of aggression.
首相が「国民の命と平和な暮らしを守り抜くために必要」と訴えた安保法は先週公布された。だが、その法制に反対する国民は不安を抱いたままだ。法の中身だけでなく、過去の侵略や、おわびの意思を自分の主体的な見解として明言しない首相によって、日本の戦後平和主義は変質してしまうのではないかとの危惧もあるのではないか。
Defensive capabilities alone cannot protect the nation’s security. Constant diplomatic efforts to ease tensions in the international community, of which Japan is a member, are indispensable. So long as Japanese diplomacy remains thoroughly inward-looking, it will serve no purpose.
国の安全を守るのは防衛力だけではない。不断の外交努力によって日本を取り巻く国際社会の緊張をやわらげることが不可欠だ。そのための外交が内向きに終始しては話にならない。
Before Abe, the Japanese government always reassured the Japanese people and neighboring nations by trying to face the past squarely and admitting mistakes made in the past.
日本はこれまで、過去と向き合い、過ちを認めることで国民と近隣国に安心感を与えてきた。
Humility about history is what is obviously lacking in the Abe administration that overstresses recent changes in Japan’s security environment.
最近の安保環境の変化を強調する政権に今、足りないのは歴史への謙虚さではないか。
EDITORIAL: Abe government's 'inward-looking' diplomacy serves no purpose
（社説）外務省ＨＰ 外交が内向きすぎる
The Foreign Ministry on Sept. 18 updated the “History Issues Q&A” section on its Japanese website. The timing suggests that the ministry intentionally held off the update to coincide with the passage of new national security legislation that allows Japan to exercise its right to collective self-defense.
集団的自衛権の行使を可能にする安全保障関連法の成立を待っていたかのように、外務省のホームページ（ＨＰ）にある「歴史問題Ｑ＆Ａ」の内容が更新された。
Gone from the updated Q&A is any mention of Japan’s “colonial rule and aggression” against its Asian neighbors. And the streamlined content only provides URL links to the (Tomiichi) Murayama statement and the (Junichiro) Koizumi statement that acknowledged Japan’s colonialism and aggression.
以前は掲載されていたアジア諸国への「植民地支配と侵略」という言及がなくなり、それらを認めた「村山談話」や「小泉談話」などのリンク先を紹介するだけに簡ログイン前の続き略化された。
On Aug. 14, the day Prime Minister Shinzo Abe issued his statement for the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II, the Q&A section was abruptly deleted from the ministry’s website. After questions were raised in the Diet about the deletion, the website ran a notice to the effect that the content was being revised to reflect the Abe statement.
それに先立ち、「Ｑ＆Ａ」は、戦後７０年の「安倍談話」が出された８月１４日に突然、削除されていた。国会で質問されると、「（安倍）談話を踏まえ、現在改訂中です」と表示した。
But why did the revision take more than a month? It is only natural to assume that the ministry decided to delay the revision to avoid any negative impact on Diet deliberations on the contentious security legislation.
削除から１カ月以上たってからの改訂は、安保関連法の審議に悪影響を与えまいとの配慮が働いたためではないか。そう見られても仕方あるまい。
“Japan has repeatedly expressed the feelings of deep remorse and heartfelt apology for its actions during the war,” Abe’s 70th anniversary statement said, even though Abe never made it clear if he himself felt such remorse. And he went on, “Such a position articulated by the previous Cabinets will remain unshakable into the future.”
安倍首相は談話で、自分がそう考えているとは明言しなかったものの、「わが国は先の大戦における行いについて、繰り返し、痛切な反省と心からのお詫（わ）びの気持ちを表明してきた」とし、「歴代内閣の立場は今後も揺るぎない」と訴えた。
But the fact that the Foreign Ministry immediately deleted the symbolic expression “colonial rule and aggression” from its website would only suggest that the Abe administration’s perception of history is not what it was made to appear in the prime minister’s 70th anniversary statement.
にもかかわらず、談話が出されるや即座に外務省ＨＰから「植民地支配と侵略」という象徴的な記述がなくなったとなれば、安倍政権の歴史認識に揺らぎを感じざるをえない。
Something similar occurred on the Foreign Ministry website last year.
外務省ＨＰでは昨年も似たような問題があった。
At that time, the ministry abruptly deleted a document calling for contributions to the Asian Women’s Fund that was set up to represent Japan’s national effort to compensate Asia’s wartime “comfort women.”
日本が慰安婦問題で国民的な償いを試みた「女性のためのアジア平和国民基金（アジア女性基金）」への参加を呼びかけた文書が急に削除されたのだ。
The Japanese government always used to bring up the Asian Women’s Fund as proof of its sincerity in dealing with the comfort women issue. By deleting the document, the Foreign Ministry effectively undermined the government’s position, instead of playing it up.
基金は、これまで慰安婦問題で日本も努力してきたと主張する根拠となっている。だが、それを強調するどころか自らの手で見えにくくしてしまった。
The national security legislation, which Abe insists is “necessary for protecting Japanese peoples’ lives and the peaceful life of Japanese citizens,” was promulgated on Sept. 30. But the fears of this law’s opponents have not gone away at all. They are deeply apprehensive, not only of the law itself, but also of the likelihood of a substantive change in Japan’s postwar pacifism because the prime minister did not use the “I” in expressing the nation’s deep remorse for and heartfelt apology for its past history of aggression.
首相が「国民の命と平和な暮らしを守り抜くために必要」と訴えた安保法は先週公布された。だが、その法制に反対する国民は不安を抱いたままだ。法の中身だけでなく、過去の侵略や、おわびの意思を自分の主体的な見解として明言しない首相によって、日本の戦後平和主義は変質してしまうのではないかとの危惧もあるのではないか。
Defensive capabilities alone cannot protect the nation’s security. Constant diplomatic efforts to ease tensions in the international community, of which Japan is a member, are indispensable. So long as Japanese diplomacy remains thoroughly inward-looking, it will serve no purpose.
国の安全を守るのは防衛力だけではない。不断の外交努力によって日本を取り巻く国際社会の緊張をやわらげることが不可欠だ。そのための外交が内向きに終始しては話にならない。
Before Abe, the Japanese government always reassured the Japanese people and neighboring nations by trying to face the past squarely and admitting mistakes made in the past.
日本はこれまで、過去と向き合い、過ちを認めることで国民と近隣国に安心感を与えてきた。
Humility about history is what is obviously lacking in the Abe administration that overstresses recent changes in Japan’s security environment.
最近の安保環境の変化を強調する政権に今、足りないのは歴史への謙虚さではないか。
プロフィール
ＨＮ：
srachai
ＨＰ：
性別：
男性
職業：
civil engineer
趣味：
子育て
自己紹介：
妻はタイ人、娘ばかり３人も！
■近況
２００９年の９月１５日に脳梗塞を発症、右手が少し不自由になりました。
MRAで脳梗塞の部位を特定でき、素早い処置をとれたので大事に至りませんでした。
快復にむけてリハビリ中です。
(2011/01/01更新)
■自己紹介・リンク
[ はじめに ]
タイのスラチャイです。
英語学習に王道はありません。
毎日毎日の地道な努力の積み重ねが必要です。
スラチャイはＮＨＫのラジオ英語会話で現在の英語力を身につけました。
一日僅か１５分の学習でも数年間継続すれば相当な学習効果が期待できます。
[ 名前 ]
松井 清 （スラチャイ）
[ 略歴 ]
・福岡県出身
・国立高知大学卒業
・準大手建設会社に就職
・50歳で会社を早期退職
・99/10 タイ全土を旅行
・00/10 タイに移住
・03/07 カイちゃん誕生
・07/06 シーファーちゃん誕生
・現在タイ国コンケン在住
[ 座右の銘 ]
Slow and steady wins the race.
遅くとも着実な者が勝利する
（NHK基礎英語芹沢栄先生）
[ 学習の手引き ]
・音読して耳から英語を吸収
・Think in English.
・ネイティブ発音付辞書活用
・英英辞典を活用（英和も）
・翻訳和文で専門用語確認
[ English Newspapers ]
Yomiuri
Mainichi
Asahi
Japan Times
Washington Post
Newyork Times
Bangkok Post
The Nations
Phuket Gazette
[ 英字新聞の英和対訳学習 ]
英字新聞（読売）
英字新聞（毎日）
英字新聞（朝日）
英字新聞（朝日２）
[ スラチャイ編集の辞書 ]
タイ日辞書（改訂版）
日タイ辞書（改訂版）
ラオ日辞書
日ラオ辞書
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カテゴリー
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家族、リンク、多言語、タイ語
スラチャイの家族紹介
私の家族
スラチャイの手作りリンク集
スラチャイタイ在住９年目
中国語会話基礎（北京語）
タイ日辞典（単語帳）
タイ語の子音
タイ語の母音
スラチャイ編曲のmidiのギター曲
スラチャイ編曲のJ.S.Bachです
スラチャイの多国言語学習
初歩のタイ語
初歩の中国語
初歩のラオス語
初歩のビルマ語
初歩のシンハリ語
初歩のタガログ語
タイ語の基礎
タイ文字
タイ日辞書
タイ語の副詞
タイ語の前置詞
タイ語の助動詞
タイ語の接続詞
基礎タイ語
基礎タイ語一覧（タイ文字、ローマ字）
seesaaサイト内リンク一覧：
01 あいさつ
02 別れのあいさつ
03 声をかけるとき
04 感謝の言葉と答え方
05 謝罪の言葉と答え方
06 聞き直すとき
07 相手の言うことがわからないとき
08 うまく言えないとき
09 一般的なあいづち
10 よくわからないときの返事
11 強めのあいづち
12 自分について述べるとき
13 相手のことを尋ねるとき
14 頼みごとをするとき
15 申し出・依頼を断るとき
16 許可を求めるとき
17 説明してもらうとき
18 確認を求めるとき
19 状況を知りたいとき
20 値段の尋ね方と断り方
21 急いでもらいたいとき
22 待ってもらいたいとき
23 日時・場所・天候を尋ねるとき
24 その他
基礎タイ語一覧(タイ文字、音声付き）
サイト外HPリンク一覧：
01 あいさつ
02 別れのあいさつ
03 声をかけるとき
04 感謝の言葉と答え方
05 謝罪の言葉と答え方
06 聞き直すとき
07 相手の言うことがわからないとき
08 うまく言えないとき
09 一般的なあいづち
10 よくわからないときの返事
11 強めのあいづち
12 自分について述べるとき
13 相手のことを尋ねるとき
14 頼みごとをするとき
15 申し出・依頼を断るとき
16 許可を求めるとき
17 説明してもらうとき
18 確認を求めるとき
19 状況を知りたいとき
20 値段の尋ね方と断り方
21 急いでもらいたいとき
22 待ってもらいたいとき
23 日時・場所・天候を尋ねるとき
24 その他
タイの文化、１４の戒律
タイの文化一覧:
01 雨の日にも傘をささないタイ人
02 勉強熱心なタイ人女性たち
03 タイ人は敬謙な仏教徒
04 タイの市場
05 タイの食堂
06 タイ人は外食が大好き
07 果物王国タイランド
08 タイ人の誕生日
09 タイの電話代は高い
10 微笑みの国タイランド
1４の戒律（テラワーダ仏教戒律）
seesaaサイト内リンク一覧：
第０１番目の戒律
第０２番目の戒律
第０３番目の戒律
第０４番目の戒律
第０５番目の戒律
第０６番目の戒律
第０７番目の戒律
第０８番目の戒律
第０９番目の戒律
第１０番目の戒律
第１１番目の戒律
第１２番目の戒律
第１３番目の戒律
第１４番目の戒律
1４の戒律（テラワーダ仏教戒律）
サイト外HPリンク一覧：
１４の戒律解説
第０１番目の戒律
第０２番目の戒律
第０３番目の戒律
第０４番目の戒律
第０５番目の戒律
第０６番目の戒律
第０７番目の戒律
第０８番目の戒律
第０９番目の戒律
第１０番目の戒律
第１１番目の戒律
第１２番目の戒律
第１３番目の戒律
第１４番目の戒律